Gestalt And Humanistic Modes Of Thought - 800 Words

Gestalt and humanistic modes of thought share the idea that people have free-will and are able to make their own choices in life; also, a high importance is placed on a person’s experiences and personal viewpoint (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). Phenomenology, or the introspective analysis of whole conceptual experiences, features prominently in both ideologies (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). Another shared viewpoint is that human beings are unique, and as such there is a limit to what can be learned from other humans, or from the study of animals (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). The thought that people are too complex to be studied with normal scientific methodology is another shared tenet. The main difference between these two ideologies is the basic premise of human nature. Humanistic psychology’s primary belief is that human nature is intrinsically good and that their default would be to naturally get along with other people (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). For Gestalt type psychology, the basis of human nature is mainly neutral, and people then have to exercise choice in order to become something else. Coming to understand one’s own mortality as a way to live life is part of Gestalt psychology, whereas for humanistic psychology it is not considered as important to human actuality (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). The application and connection of a humanistic understanding of learning and how it applies to leadership roles also shares some similarities with Gestalt psychology. DevelopingShow MoreRelatedStructuralism And The Development Of Psychology874 Words   |  4 Pages(Edward B. Titchener) functionalism- from an evolutionary process, a school of psychology is focused on how mental and behavioral processes function Behavioral- an objective form of science that studies behavior without reference to mental process b) Gestalt- Max Wertheimer sought to explain perceptions in terms of results rather than by analyzing their constituents c)Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic-Sigmund Freud revolutionized psychology with his theory of psychoanalytic, he believed he discovered the unconsciousRead MoreHumanistic Nursing8354 Words   |  34 PagesHUMANISTIC NURSING THEORY By: MARY JOHN L. RENONG, RN August 10, 2013 Dr. Loretta Zderad Dr. Josephine Paterson I. BIOGRAPHY Josephine Paterson was born on the 1st of September of 1924 in Freeport, New York. Loretta and Josephine spent their early school years during the depression of the 1930s. Josephine G. Paterson was also learning the role of a nurse as well as work responsibilities during this same time period. She hadRead MoreEssay on Ta and Gestalt3196 Words   |  13 PagesIn this essay I will give an explanation of my understanding of Transactional Analysis, more commonly known as ‘TA’, and the Gestalt theory to counselling, as discussed in module one, year three of the Chrysalis Counselling course. I will then apply these approaches, and demonstrate the methodology to a previous client case study, discussing what I could have achieved. I will offer a brief outline of the case in question to allow for clear understanding of the presenting issue, and the possible outcomesRead MoreTransactional Analysis and Gestalt Therapy Essay3497 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Gestalt and TA concept have been widely recognized for their role in psychotherapy. In this context, they provide the therapist with a framework which can be used to help their patients overcome mental problems and issues. As result, personal growth and development is likely to be attained. Their significance is illuminated by the fact that both of them encourage the patient’s ‘here and now’ awareness, which is fundamental in personal development (Brenner 2000). 2. Gestalt Fritz andRead MoreTheories and Principles for Planning and Enabling Learning Essay3317 Words   |  14 PagesUNIT 4 – TASK 1 2 INTRODUCTION 2 RELEVANT THEORIES OF LEARNING 2 (Neo-)Behaviourists 2 Humanists 2 Gestalt Theory 2 The Cognitivists 3 Other theories 3 COMMUNICATION THEORIES 3 Transactional Analysis (TA) and Teaching 3 Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) 4 CONCLUSION 4 UNIT 4 – TASK 2 5 INTRODUCTION 5 CURRENT SITUATION 5 THE FUTURE 7 How to apply the Humanist perspective? 7 How to apply the Cognitivist perspective? 7 UNIT 4 – TASK 3 9 INTRODUCTION 9 CURRENT SITUATION 9 WHAT IRead MoreModule 2 Dttls Essay5219 Words   |  21 PagesUnlike Piaget, learners do not move through the stages but use the model of representation from each stage to support their learning. Identifying discovery learning is the acquisition of new knowledge and then assimilated or accommodated based on the modes or representation. When a learner does something with new knowledge e.g. they manipulate it and apply it to working out a problem it is called transformation. In the evaluation stage the learner assesses the usefulness of the new knowledge. BrunerRead MoreExistentialist Therapy : Moderating Life s Journey1752 Words   |  8 Pagesresponsibility and fulfillment through the client/therapist relationship and evoking change in treatment. Existentialism was created out of ideals of European philosophers from the 1800’s and 1900’s who were in the midst of great change in industry, thought and government rule. In a new French republic undergoing two World Wars, one in which he fought and was imprisoned, Jean-Paul Sartre created the slogan â€Å"existence proceeds essence† in his work, Existentialism and Human Emotions. This work becameRead MoreNlp in English Language Teaching5593 Words   |  23 Pagesbrain can be trained for the purpose of betterment. It encompasses or is related to left / right brain functions, visual / auditory / kinesthetic learning styles, multiple intelligence and other areas of research which are attempting to identify modes of learning whilst recognizing the importance of the individual learner. (http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/methodology/nlp.shtml#one) Here are the key features of NLP: • NLP is about recognizing patterns. • NLP is concerned withRead MoreArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 Pagesphenomenological and the cognitive unconscious. At the ï ¬ rst level, individuals are conscious of their feelings and actions while, at the second level, sensorimotor and other bodily oriented inference mechanisms inform their processes of abstract thought and reasoning. We analyze the consumption stories of 30 museum goers in order to understand how people move through museum spaces and feel, touch, hear, smell, and taste art. Further, through an analysis of metaphors and the use of conceptual blendingRead MoreArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 Pagesphenomenological and the cognitive unconscious. At the ï ¬ rst level, individuals are conscious of their feelings and actions while, at the second level, sensorimotor and other bodily oriented inference mechanisms inform their processes of abstract thought and reasoning. We analyze the consumption stories of 30 museum goe rs in order to understand how people move through museum spaces and feel, touch, hear, smell, and taste art. Further, through an analysis of metaphors and the use of conceptual blending

Development of Human Language, Neurolinguistics and...

Most people take it for granted that children will develop cognition, language and communication skills when they reach a certain stage in their life. In fact, various studies have been conducted regarding these aspects of human development. A common topic for debate is the issue of nature versus nurture, wherein some groups support the idea that language and cognitive development is as natural as breathing while other groups contend that external factors influence these characteristics of human progress. Researchers are given the opportunity to dig deeper into this issue through cases involving feral, isolated and confined children. A normal child develops in a variety of domains that are closely linked with each other. They influence†¦show more content†¦Language development among humans normally occurs rapidly from the time the child is born to around the age of five. There are generally accepted language learning milestones that every child has to achieve even though the pace and age at which these are achieved may vary from child to child (Language Development). There are several theories regarding language acquisition and development. Chomsky theorized that people have an inborn ability to learn language through a special biological mechanism, a species-specific biological endowment, which he referred to as a Language Acquisition Device that is found in the brain. He likened this to a â€Å"universal grammar† that is recognized by all humans. His theories were also considered as Nativist in comparison to the Behaviorist theories which stipulate that language acquisition is achieved as a resu lt of providing rewards for imitations (Rieber ; â€Å"Theories About How Young Children Acquire and Develop Language†). Piaget contends that cognition precedes language development and children simply use language to represent what they are thinking. Vygotsky argued that language is primarily a form of social communication, which eventually leads to language and cognition. More recent theorists claim that the child is an active part of their holistic development with language acquisition being the result of cognitive, emotional and social interactions (â€Å"Theories About How Young Children Acquire and Develop Language†). All

Knowledge Management PETRONAS Free Essays

Introduction Today, oil and gas companies around the world are not just professional organizations who specialize in mechanical drilling and extraction processes. Increased oil demands and the need for improved productivity have forced these organizations into new methods and knowledge intensive approaches. For instance information technology has now become very much an integral part of the oil exploration and oil extraction business. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Management: PETRONAS or any similar topic only for you Order Now The collaboration between multi disciplinary teams has become a norm. Real-time information communication from remote reservoirs, and processing of such data in a collaborative environment that involves multiple teams and vendor locations has become an essential part of the business decision making process. In other words, a knowledge based approach underlies the critical business decisions in oil majors. (Jemielniak Kociatkievicz, 2009, pg 284). As an oil and gas extraction company of the world, with presence in more than 30 countries across the world, PETRONAS is one of the Oil Majors. Being an increasingly competitive sector, skilled staff are always on demand in the Oil and Gas industry. This implies that organizations have to defend against attrition and be armed with effective knowledge management practices that manage vital information about processes, best practices and information about field experts and tacit knowledge about the entire operational processes. Effective knowledge management process is at the heart of business competitiveness and success. Knowledge Management Knowledge is a multidimensional and heterogeneous entity. Proper storage, classification and retrieval of knowledge is critical for innovation, cost control and hence the competitiveness of any industry. Particularly, for knowledge intensive firms such as PETRONAS, where high skilled engineering processes are involved, there is a need for ‘integrated operations’ between various knowledge areas. Ultimately, improving the production optimization process is at the heart of all knowledge management practices in PETRONAS. One of the important areas that lack coordination in the Oil and gas sector in general is the working of the reservoir engineers, the production engineers and the process engineers at the facilities. This implies that operation decisions are not always made in consultation with the onshore engineers. In other words this leads to what is known as the fragmented approach. (Jemielniak Kociatkievicz) 2009, pg 285 Integrated Operations (Process facility and reservoir sensors and Collaboration among vendors and operators) (Jemielniak Kociatkievicz, 2009, pg 285) Information technology has now penetrated every area of the production and process control aspects of the Oil and Gas companies. However, most of these IT tools are specialized and lack the integration that makes it difficult to access relevant data for purposes of production analysis and optimization. It is necessary that all the three major divisions (reservoir management, production management and process management) exchange real-time data. A shared information space might be the answer to the problems as it promotes better access to real-time data and integration of the various processes, which is the key to achieving production optimization. (Jemielniak Kociatkievicz, 2009, pg 284) Knowledge Management in PETRONAS Knowledge management practices are very recent at PETRONAS. As the Knowledge Management manager, Miss Murni Shariff, disclosed in a recent interview, only in 2006 the company seriously focused on KM practices. Prior to that KM was mostly restricted to content and information management. (KMTalk, 2009) There are two types of knowledge namely tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. Explicit knowledge, as the name suggests, refers to knowledge that could be easily documented. This type of knowledge is gained by reading, observation and discussion. For instance, documented guides about a program or the operational features of a product are examples of explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge, on the other hand, is more implicit and it is not easy to document it and consequently much harder to share. Tacit knowledge is developed over a period of time when an individual gains insights and details about the various functions in the organization. (MMU, 2006) Currently, PETRONAS is focusing on all efforts towards transferring this tacit knowledge of its staff and making it accessible for future reference and for new workers. Achieving this tacit knowledge sharing pertaining to the various complex processes within the organizations is crucial for the company to reduce costs and become competitive. As Stephen Birell, marketing director of Vardus, a KM company focusing on the Oil and gas sector states, â€Å"The way the industry can drive down cost is by attacking the areas of huge cost which are facilities and drilling. And if everyone follows best practice and shares their learning, you won’t have people making the same mistakes twice. And that ultimately saves money.† (Chowdury, 2006) Three issues are the main motivating factors for the implementation of KM practices across the organization. These are 1) aging workforce- With more than three and half decades since its institution many of the technical staff members at PETRONAS are nearing their retirement age and this mass retirement would drastically impact upon the performance unless swift knowledge management policies are in place to capture the tacit knowledge of these experienced older workforce. 2) The global oil industry is very competitive placing a high premium for the experienced and knowledgeable workforce. High attrition rate at PETRONAS is one big problem as competitors are luring skilled staff. In this context the issue of Trust becomes foremost. The following 5 C’s are recognized as trust factors among knowledge intensive workers. These are a) Competence, b) Commitment, c) Conflict, d) Communication and e) Caring. Of these commitment is foremost and it is the responsibility of the team leade r or the manager to ensure that commitment to the organization and its values are developed naturally as a response to the motivation and example shown by the leader. (Ralston, 2007) Finally, increasing international operations also implies international competition and in this scenario an effective KM plan is indispensible for the organization to smoothly manage and coordinate the international operations. KM makes it possible to simply follow the ‘PETRONAS way’ of transferring knowledge across the different organizations. (KMtalk, 2009) Initially, the main focus was on technology and in removing the hindrances in sharing knowledge stored in varied database formats. However, more than the technical problems it is the problem associated with human acceptance that is currently a pressing issue. In other words, promoting effective change management is the key to implementing KM practices. At PETRONAS new initiatives were implemented to promote better change management. Communities of Practice A new, ‘Communities of practice’ (CoP) initiative was implemented with the idea of starting an effective KM program across the entire organization to better facilitate transfer of information between the various divisions in a swift and effective manner. Currently, there are over 50 CoP’s with each Cop having 30 members. A leader or a champion is chosen among each CoP team based on their performance criteria. The CoP’s were provided with a basic structural framework with which they can implement KM solutions and promote group-wide collaborative values. Regular monitoring of the CoP operations and impact of the same are undertaken. These leaders are also encouraged to share success stories on online CoP newsletter. To encourage enthusiastic participation from the staff, the Knowledge management team is also currently promoting a rewards system wherein the reports from the various Cop’s would be reviewed and the best performing team recognized and awarded (Murni Shariff, 2008) This CoP approach at PETRONAS has shown significant positive results so far with effective information exchange between various operating units already visible across the organization. This would also significantly improve the training for younger generation staff as they fast replace the retiring older generation. A simple online tool that was designed to evaluate the penetration of the CoP based KM practices has confirmed these positive improvements. ( Murni Shariff, 2008) Conclusion Knowledge management practices are critical to the continued competitive growth of any organization. In simple terms it facilitates effective reuse of organizational resources which is tantamount to considerable cost savings. Particularly, in a knowledge intensive and high-tech organization such as PETRONAS, KM practices help to promote better collaboration between multidisciplinary teams. This could help avoid millions of dollars in costs by helping workers avoid unnecessary delays and repetitive mistakes. The current KM practices involving Communities of practice concepts are showing good acceptance among the staff which is important for effective change management. As more and more staff members are encouraged to participate in KM activities, more intensive KM practices and collaborative platforms could be established. This would help in realizing organization wide process integration and overall business alignment. However, regular knowledge auditing is the key to understand the flow of knowledge within the organization and to ascertain areas where improvements could be effected by increasing knowledge sharing. Continued management support is the key as even a small amount of time and resources spent on good KM practices would definitely translate to considerable productivity gains in the longer run. References Dariusz Jemielniak Jerzy Kociatkievicz, (2009), Handbook of research on Knowledge intensive organizations, Pub by Information Science Reference. Faith Ralston, (2007), How to manage four types of Knowledge Workers- Play Your Best Hand, Adams Media. U.S.A KMtalk, (2009) Knowledge Management in PETRONAS : Interview with Murni Shariff, viewed Jan 23rd 2012, http://www.kmtalk.net/article.php?story=20090131090639919 Murni Shariff, (2008), PETRONAS : Engaging Knowledge Worker Communities to Stimulate Innovation and Build Corporate Capability, Viewed Jan 23rd 2012, Naguib Chowdhury, (2006), Knowledge Management Implementation in PETRONAS: A Case Study, Viewed Jan 23rd 2012, Manchester Metropolitan University, (2006) Introduction to Knowledge Management, viewed Jan 24th 2012, How to cite Knowledge Management: PETRONAS, Essay examples

Managing Disaster Contingent Liabilities - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Managing Disaster Contingent Liabilities? Answer: Introducation We are obliged to get a response from you and we would also like to express our gratitude for getting back to us with your concern. We are extremely obliged that you have contacted us while considering us to be capable enough for helping you in your decision- making process by providing you with the best possible solutions available. Similar to our previous deals, we would try our best to satisfy your needs by providing you with the best possible solutions with respect to the issues that are detected in the accounting along with the problems faced by you, which you have mentioned in the e-mail. We shall provide you with the recommendations while keeping into consideration the Corporation Act 2001, AASB and its elucidation shall be in accordance with the problems of accounting, which are mentioned by IFRS. We consider that you are familiar with the aspect that contingent liabilities are referred to as those liabilities, which usually have probable losses that might occur in the future as a result of the happening or non- happening of a certain event or even as a result of some particular outcome. There are several real life examples that can be linked with the contingent liabilities. Some of them are research related to some of the major organizational failures that are pending till date, legal claims and the warranties provided to the clients on purchase of the products[1]. It is necessary to show the contingent liabilities in the financial statements of the organization along with recording the amount previously estimated by the organization in its annual sheets. This amount is kept separate as a reserve for the organization to be used in situations where the company might want to prevent the situation in the future. As per the Para 123 of AASB 137, contingent liabilities can be iden tified along with the chief accountability and the major reasons for the outflow of the organizational resources such that the economy of the organization can derive benefits and can possibly solved under those accountability or responsibility. As per the Para 29, it has been identified that it is the liability of the organization to treat the responsibilities as contingent liability. The contingent liabilities have to be ascertained by the organization well in advance and cannot be determined by the organization that the liabilities shall definitely occur in the financial year. Thus, the detailed evaluation the contingent liabilities has to be a continuous process such that the organization can determine the outflow of the resources that shall enable the organization to obtain benefits for improving the organizations economy. Similarly, it is necessary to recognize the provisions that already exist within the operations such that the current responsibilities, both legal and constru ctive arising from the previous events can be accurately estimated and the required amount can be set aside for it. The basic aim for the provision is to adjust it appropriately with the current years balance, which shall enable the organization to consider the costs that is a part of that particular financial year and maintaining the status of the finances that have previously been considered such that they can be accounted in that financial year. Thus, despite the utilization of provision within the organization seems to be a type of saving in the first look, it does not imply to be a type of saving for the organization. Contingent liability is usually mentioned under the heading of income statement in the balance sheet and is located in the bracket of expenses. Additionally, the major distinguishing factor between provision and contingent liability is that the provisions are shown in the financial statements whereas, the contingent liabilities are recorded in the financial statements of the organizations under the heading of liabilities[2]. On the other hand, in cases when the probable liabilities are expected to be high somewhere around 60 to 90 percent, the liabilities are placed under the heading of provision in the organizations financial statements. On the contrary, if the amount of liability lies between five percent to 60 percent, the liability is recorded in the financial statements as notes. In cases when the liabil ity is less than five percent, the organization becomes incapable of taking any actions regarding it. Thus, keeping into consideration the AASB 137 in the Provisions, the Contingent assets and liabilities have been mentioned as the major issue in the e-mail. In response to the issue, we can suggest that the intangible assets must be mentioned in the balance sheet. This shall help in the vital amortization and shall also help in its recognition. In this particular case, it has been identified that the organization possesses an asset that amounts to $ 800,000 as on 30th June 2018. This has been recognized in accordance with the valuation provided by the organizations directors. This indicates that the organization is required to make certain changes in its policy in accordance with the current happenings such that it becomes easier to recognize the accounting along with the costs, which are capable of being developed by an internal basis. Additionally, the intangible assets of the organization are required to have a life that shall enable the process of amortization within the duration for which the assets were used. Therefore, it is possible to realize this amount with the amortization process and it can be reported at the cost of $ 800,000, which can be further applied with the residual value of the assets. While considering the second case, it has been identified that Beachlife Ltd has entered into a sales contract with Goodsports Ltd as on 1st December 2017 and with an amount of $ 90000. On the basis of this amount, the payments were made as on 30th December 2017. At last, the equipment was delivered by the organization on 10th December 2017. As per the sales contract, Goodsports Ltd had offered a clause of maintenance for that equipment, which was applicable for the first first year after the purchase was made by the concerned company. The company had fixed the maintenance amount and the amount was a value of $ 7500. On the other hand, Goodsports Ltd was not happy with the task of maintenance, which was provided by the organization as it was liable to pay 15 percent of the price paid. This amount summed up to be $ 90000* 15 percent, which is equals to $ 13500. Thus, in the present situation, it has been identified that Beachlife Ltd is required to show an amount of $ 90000, which has been recorded under the heading of income as sales for the sale of the equipment. This was because the organization received the amount in that particular year that is 31st December 2017[3]. auditing, the maintenance amount that summed up to be $ 7500 has to be shown as contingent liability in the balance sheet as well as in the statement of income under the heading of provision for the estimated amount. The amount of $ 13500 has to be mentioned as notes in the organizations financial statement under the heading of contingent liability because this liability is not of probable nature. In case you come across any issues or doubts related to the suggestions provided by us, please feel free to contact us by the means of telephonic call or via e- mail. Reference List Gamper, Catherine, et al. "Managing disaster-related contingent liabilities." (2017). Hendrickson, Joshua R. "Contingent liability, capital requirements, and financial reform."Cato J.34 (2014): 129. Picker, Ruth, et al.Applying international financial reporting standards. John Wiley Sons, 2016.

Frankenstein By Mary Shelley Essays (1383 words) -

Frankenstein By Mary Shelley Although humans have the tendency to set idealistic goals to better future generations, often the results can prove disastrous, even deadly. The tale of Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, focuses on the outcome of one man's idealistic motives and desires of dabbling with nature, which result in the creation of horrific creature. Victor Frankenstein was not doomed to failure from his initial desire to overstep the natural bounds of human knowledge. Rather, it was his poor parenting of his progeny that lead to his creation's thirst for the vindication of his unjust life. In his idealism, Victor is blinded, and so the creation accuses him for delivering him into a world where he could not ever be entirely received by the people who inhabit it. Not only failing to foresee his faulty idealism, nearing the end of the tale, he embarks upon a final journey, consciously choosing to pursue his creation in vengeance, while admitting he himself that it may result in his own doom. The creation of an unloved being and the quest for the elixir of life holds Victor Frankenstein more accountable for his own death than the creation himself. Delivered into the world, full grown and without a guardian to teach him the ways of the human world, the creation discovers that he is alone, but not without resource. He attempts to communicate to his creator, however, he is incapable of speech. As Frankenstein recounts the situation, he says, I beheld the wretch---the miserable monster whom I had created. He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me. His jaw opened, and he muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks. He might have spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped and rushed downstairs (Shelley, p. 43). As Frankenstein explains, he declares that he deliberately neglects to communicate with his creation, based on its shockingly hideous appearance. Had Frankenstein taken the time to communicate and care for his creation, with all the knowledge that he possesses of the responsibility of a good parent, the creation would have never developed the sense of vindication and reprisal that lead him to murdering Victor's loved one's. The creation would henceforth account Frankenstein for all his sufferings succeeding his birth. Frankenstein's first of numerous mistaken decisions ill-fating his destiny relies greatly upon a lack of responsibility for the creation he so passionately brings to life in the early chapters of his tale. From his very first words, Victor claims to have been born to two indefatigably affectionate parents in an environment of abundant knowledge. As he speaks of his parents, Frankenstein attempts to portray his fortunate upbringing, Much as they were attached to each other, they seemed to draw inexhaustible stores of affection from a very mine of love to bestow them upon me. My mother's tender caresses and my father's smile of benevolent pleasure while regarding me are my first recollections. I was their plaything and their idol, and something better---their child, the innocent and helpless creature bestowed on them by heaven, whom to bring up to good, and whose future lot it was in their hands to direct to happiness or misery, according as they fulfilled their duties towards me (Shelley, p. 19). By these recollections, Frankenstein illustrates his parents as being the most ideal caregivers imaginable to any child, being granted the all the vital tools of a responsible guardian as a result, which he neglects to utilize upon animating his creation. Frankenstein abandons his hideous child, feelings of vindication arise, and the creation kills members of his family for all the mental anguish that has been set upon him. In his idealism, Frankenstein is blinded and fails or is unable to foresee the dangerous outcome of his creation, giving life to a hideous being that could never be accepted in such a superficial world. As Frankenstein recounts the procedures of making his being, he admits himself that his idealism blinded his ability to foresee the drastic effects that might result in giving life to an unloved creature. No one can conceive the variety of feelings which bore me onward like a hurricane, in the first enthusiasm of success. Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should break through, and pour a torrent of light into our dark world. A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe

Langston essays

Langston essays Langston Hughes electrifies readers and launched a renaissance in black writing in America. The poems Hughes wrote celebrated the experience of black men and women, the poor, and the lovesick. Helping the African-American male gain praise in the poetic and musical world Hughes conveyed an experience that turned poetic lines into the phrases of lyrical blues. Leading the new century with greatness it can clearly be said that Langston Hughes was one of the great connoisseurs of American verse. To first understand Langston Hughes blues you must first know what blues is and what the common meter is for blues. Blues is basically a line pertaining to a time or event followed by another line that has something to do with the first line. A repetition of the first two lines is then done to create emphasis. A last line or two that has a rhyme scheme that is similar to the first four lines within the stanza. The meter usually contained within blues lyrics is iambic trochee. Iambic trochee is marked by an unstressed point followed by a stressed point proceeded by two unstressed points and ensuing that would be another stressed point. In the poem Hard Daddy it is clearly seen how Hughes used iambic trochee to perform his blues. I went to ma daddy, Says Daddy I have got the blues. If noticed in the first two lines of Hard Daddy the word went is a stress point while I is the unstressed point. To ma are two other unstressed points while Daddy is a stressed point. The first stanza is a common iambic trochee. After knowing what blues is and how it is to be read the poems by Hughes can be broken down. In poem one, Hard Daddy, it is quite literal. The tone is sad, the speaker is upset about her man. The speakers father is not the loving kind. He turns his shoulder on the occasion of his daughter needing help. Angered, the...

Summary (maple syrup) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary (maple syrup) - Essay Example The remaining 82% of the world’s Maple syrup is produced in Canada (Pure Canada Maple, 2013). An interesting fact it is little known about true Maple syrup is the fact that it is 100% pure and natural. Furthermore, strict guidelines are in place with regards to the production of Maple syrup to which both the United States and Canada subscribe. One of these professional organizations that helps to monitor the production of Maple syrup in Canada is known as the Federation of Quebec Maple Syrup Producers. In order to ensure that the raw material that is utilized to make maple syrup, the tree itself, remains healthy, each year trees are At different places and varying heights so that growth, re-growth, and healing can take place in between the seasons of harvest. Moreover, an added benefit of Maple syrup is with respect to the fact that it represents an alternative to traditional sugar. As such, baked goods, glazes, and sweets can all be flavored with Maple syrup rather than sugar itself. Maple syrup production itself is a massive business within Canada and the United States. For instance, within Canada alone 8600 Maple syrup businesses are known to exist and registered with the government; a full 7400 of these exist in Quà ©bec itself. However, even though Maple for syrup production dominates the Canadian market in the current era, it was in fact the Amerindians who taught Canadians how to tap and boil sap in order to make maple syrup in the first place. As a function of this level of knowledge, Canadians have been known to extract around 67.6 million pounds of syrup each and every year; exporting this to over 50 different countries around the world (Wild Blueberries, 2012). The trees that Maple syrup itself is harvested from typically live around 30 years; moreover, the base of the tree must be at least 12 inches in diameter prior to being tapped. Further, only 10

Rebuilding the Balkans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Rebuilding the Balkans - Essay Example Taking a look at the brief history of international intervention in the Balkan region will elucidate some of the reasons for intervention, the aims of those who intervene and the consequences of their actions, which often differed from their aspirations. The main issue discussed in this article is the contemporary remarkable continuities in the approach of the western world towards the Balkan states, with multilateral intervention largely being driven by a desire to contain crisis and maintain the status quo in a region perceived as lying on the periphery of Europe. With the exception of Greece, it was only until the mid-1990s when the policy was prefigured earlier, have there been signs that such approach might be replaced by a qualitatively different one based on contractual engagement and a possibility of eventual integration into the European mainstream. Contrastingly, the meaning of integration for the Balkan space remains vague. Within the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe and the Stabilization and Association Process there are suggestions that it could eventually lead to EU accession and, certainly, this is the dream of many within the region. However, with the EU already facing the challenge of an unprecedented enlargement into Central Europe and the Baltic, the likelihood of this occurring within the short or even the medium term remains doubtful. Alternatives to membership have been canvassed, and European Commission President, Romano Prodi, has even floated the idea of some form of 'virtual membership' for the states of the region, but, if this is the case, will integration itself be anything less than 'virtual' (Siani-Davies 2003). International Intervention in the Balkans The wars in the western Balkans could be considered a laboratory for post-Cold War intervention. There have been five conflicts over the last decade: Slovenia 1991; Croatia 1991-1992; Bosnia-Hercegovina 1992-1995; Kosovo 1999; and Macedonia 2001. As a consequence of global media attention and civil society pressure, outside powers have been learning to adapt the forms of intervention to an interconnected globalised world. Broadly speaking, it is possible to distinguish between two types of security philosophy that have guided interventions in the Balkans. One has been the traditional geo-political approach, in which security is understood as the defence of territory. The geo-political approach tends to be top-down, using diplomatic, economic and military pressure to influence political leaders and warring parties. The other approach is cosmopolitan in which security is understood as the defence of individual human beings. This approach is bottom-up; the emphasis is on respect for human rights, support for civil society, economic assistance and regional cooperation. Top-down approaches, of course, remain important, but they are shaped by bottom-up priorities. In the context of globalization, geo-political approaches to security have perverse effects - they lead to fragmentation and instability. Indeed, it is the attachment to territory and borders that explains the disintegrative process in former Yugoslavia. By and large, the United States has tended to pursue geo-political

Ethics Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics Review - Article Example What the article requires people involved in accounting and finance was the same thing that was asked of us when I worked as a customer service representative for a contact center. We were always reminded to be truthful to our customers like telling them our real name, giving them the correct picture of the situation or problem, and the like. We were also reminded not to disclose to others vital information of our customers like their credit card number and phone number. I think the company I worked for is okay. But in order to improve the company’s relation with its clients, management should continue emphasizing to the employees the importance of practicing good ethical behavior. Ethics is important in accounting and financing because being truthful and honest allows one to gain the trust of other people. When we work with others and observe acceptable behavior, we do not only help the company grow but we also help ourselves too. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act emphasizes the importa nce of providing true and accurate facts in financial statements. The said act also requires companies to be transparent in their financial and accounting activities. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act puts into action the principles Shanker laid down in her article.

Repercussions Of Childhood Trauma

Repercussions Of Childhood Trauma `An estimated 905,000 children were victims of child abuse or neglect in 2006. While physical injuries may or may not be immediately visible, abuse and neglect can have consequences for children, families, and society that last lifetimes, if not generations. (Childwelfare). We are all conceived, born and nurtured. Each individual has to mature, struggling through hardships faced by society. In these instances the world feels dark and cold, isolation is felt, yet it is through these hardships that we grow stronger. We are all born with unregulated emotions, it takes years before they can be truly governed, in this time our young and innocent minds are targets of disorders and pathologies. Parents dont understand this; even medical practitioners can underestimate it. According to researchers and specialists in child psychiatry, activities done by a child before the age of 10 will influence their future learning patterns. Therefore parenting methods have large influences on childrens la ter life. Parenting is similar to guiding your offspring on a boat expedition. Children learn through example, at a young age parents are role models for their children, who watch and learn through actions witnessed in the household. Parents help guide their children in the right direction, teaching them how to use the tools they are given. In this way they are not going to waste their talent. As we see in Wolf Hall by Hillary Mantel, Thomas Cromwell the central protagonist is constantly beaten by his father he is not lead and guided through life, however instead of becoming a cowering wimp scared of his own shadow, he starts a new life, leaving his home, village and primarily his father. Thomas goes on to become one of the most famous politicians of his time, he had to learn and experience on his own, through his troublesome childhood he learnt to become a strong, tough and imposing figure. On the other hand, Holden Caulfield, the main character in JD Slingers controversial novel The Catcher in the Rye, has parents who are persistently absent but however they try as hard as possible to care for him but from a distance, this is mainly due to their hectic lives in the working world. They are trying to make enough money so that they can care for Holden and his siblings financially, so that they can have a good education amongst others. Holdens has a dream job, which is being a catcher in the rye, which entails saving little childrens lives; he is more calm and caring in comparison to Thomas who had a tougher childhood. This influenced by their different upbringings. This paper will discuss the repercussions and possible childhood trauma caused, due to parents psychological condition and upbringing methods. As said by Keanu Reeves in the 1989 movie, Parenthood, You need a licence to catch a fish, but anyone can become apparent. Unfit parents are conceiving children, they are not ready to The first part of the paper will discuss how parents unstable psychological condition has effects on their offspring. The second will deal with physical abuse and domestic corporal punishment and the side effects of these violent actions. Finally sexual abuse of children will be discussed. Parental psychopathology increases risk of the offspring developing conduct disorder. Depression, alcoholism, and antisocial behaviour from a parent can be linked directly to the development of the misconduct. The two main reasons for which the parental physiological condition has this effect is, firstly the depressed parent could misperceive their childs behaviour as inappropriate, resulting in a scolding and missed punishment. The child knows he is going to get into trouble no matter if he/she is well behaved or not, so he/she decides to do whatever comes through their mind, without considering the consequences. This type of conduct leads behavioural problems. As said by Stratton an American Professor working as a research affiliate in the centre on human development and disability in Washington suggested that depressed and irritable mothers indirectly cause behaviour problems in their children through inconsistent limit setting, emotional unavailability, and reinforcement of inap propriate behaviours through negative attention. The second considers the fact that depressed parents react differently towards misconduct. Studies have shown that depressed parents give a larger amount of criticism and commands towards their children, which results in turn in deviant child behaviour. OConnor motioned in his article Depressed Parents and the Effects in Their Children children of depressed parents are at great risk for depression, as well as substance abuse and antisocial activities. It has been found that depressed mothers have difficulty bonding with their offsprings. They are less sensitive to the childs needs and are less consistent in their responses to his/her behaviour. The child appears more unhappy and isolated than other children. They may also become difficult to comfort, feed and put to sleep and as they get older they become more defiant towards imposed rules. This reinforces the parents sense of failure. Father and mothers parenting is likely to remain inconsistent, because nothing they do has any visible effect. Through analysis of the article paraphrased above, it becomes evident that growing up with a depressed parent increases a childs risk for mental health problems, cognitive difficulties and troubled social relationships. It is for this reaso n, it is important that parents are in a sane physiological state when upbringing of a child otherwise there could be irreversible damages to their childs well being later in life. Thomas Cromwell is beaten and abused by his father from an early age; he becomes accustomed to the concept of violence. He flees his home town in search for a war, in order to make money I might go and be a soldier (5). Considering the fact that he was extremely young at the time, between the ages of 11 and 13, this is not at all normal. A child at that age should not be looking for a war in order to make pocket money. Instead they should be working as a shoe polisher or a news paper delivery boy. These are safer and more appropriate positions for a boy of his age. Thomas life reeks with violence; he gets involved in fights with other boys in the town. All this is due to one persons behaviour, his fathers. Negativity from parents, for example you cant do it can result in the realization of the thought, if the person who has taught, and shown us everything we know tells say it is impossible then, it must be true. If a parent has a pessimistic personality it will rub off negatively on their child. She/he will be surrounded by a realm of negativity and will consequently not be able to achieve his/hers full potential. In addition to developing conduct disorder, substance abuse and obesity amongst others, Parental psychopathology can not only but result in the development of disorders and pathologies but it can lead directly to death. Suicidal behaviour in offspring is largely increased by parental psychopathology. There are tremendous possibilities for children between childhood and adulthood, but it could also be a time of great confusion and anxiety. There is immense pressure to fit in socially. Teens with adequate support networks are helped with coping with everyday frustrations. However many teens do not have such a support system, due to physiologically unstable parents feel isolated and disconnected from family and friends. These teens are at increased risk for suicide, they develop a physiological disorder especially depression, bipolar disorder and substance abuse which leads to substance abuse. Approximately 95% of people who die by suicide have a physiological disorder at the time of de ath. In The Catcher in the Rye Holden commences by explaining is current situation; he says that his parents were occupied working in order stratify his material needs. But they neglected his emotional state. My parents would have about two haemorrhages apiece if I told anything pretty personal about them.(5-6). Judging by this statement Holden is a teen who is lacking an emotional support for confronted with hardships. As a result, Holden has difficulty in integrating society, which he feels is phoney. He feels isolated and disconnected from friends and family. For this reason he has difficulty in dealing with everyday life situations. He cannot cope academically and his social interaction is somewhat similar. Having dealt with parents unstable psychological condition and its effects on children, the focus will shift towards physical abuse and domestic corporal punishment. Here the side effects of parents actions will be discussed. As quoted in the opening lines of the paper, physical injuries may appear immediately and disappear equally as fast; however abuse had severe consequences for children, possibly lasting a lifetime. It is true that not all abused children will experience long-term consequences. Outcomes of individual cases vary widely and are affected by a combination of factors, including: The childs age and developmental status when the abuse or neglect occurred, the type of abuse (physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, etc.), the frequency, duration, and severity of abuse. Nevertheless it cannot be denied that no matter the case, there will be a negative effect on the child. The factors stated about will determine how long the side effects will last. Physical abuse not only has a harmful influence on a childs behaviour but also has detrimental impacts on the psychological wellbeing of an individual. The victim could in the long-term develop undesirable behavioural patterns and will not learn the lessons parents are trying to teach. The use of corporal punishment by parents in order to put their child back in line is highly ineffective, the results may seem instant and effective yet repercussions are severe. Children become deceitful and start lying using any means possible to avoid punishment .In their eyes punishment results in physical pain. As they grow older they continue what was done at home. When they perform criminal actions, to avoid punishment, in this case imprisonment and not a spanking, they use any means possible to flee the punishment. This results in a society of adults who are uncapable of assuming their own actions. In wolf hall we see exactly this, Thomas was often beaten by his father. He went on to become a successful politician, as is common knowledge most politicians are often deceitful, avoiding to tell the truth when not suited to their situation. The use of violence corrodes childs trust in his/her parent. Walter and Thomas have a horrible father son relationship. Not only Walters chil dren have no trust in him but they have lost all respect for him. Kat, Thomas older sister states that Shame was left out when God made my dad (4). There are several repercussions of child abuse. Victims are 1.75 times more likely to experience posttraumatic stress disorder as adults. In addition, child victims are more likely to experience depression, attachment difficulties, and low self-esteem. A Canadian study found that a history of child abuse was one of the leading predictors of psychological problems in adulthood. Doctors at the University of McGill in Canada, studied rats with differing maternal styles the pups who had naturally nurturing mothers were equally caring towards their pups. However, pups with neglectful parents were less attentive towards their own pups. It was found the mother rats placed in stressful environments like isolation had greatly decreased capacity for nurture. This shows that there are long-term effects due to maltreatment. These can therefore be carried over from one generation to the next. Various studies have shown that domestic violence will inevitably increase the risk of children becoming aggressive delinquents with long-term an unstable physiological condition. Worldwide, approximately 40 million children are subjected to child abuse each year (Child abuse effects). Society should pose itself a question, in a decade or two the same children will be our lawyers and doctors and politicians. These same kids are our future. It is vital that children have a normal childhood for the welfare of progressing society. Abusive parents often have experienced abuse during their own childhoods. It is estimated approximately one-third of abused and neglected children will eventually victimize their own children (Childwelfare). As stated above the long-term effects of maltreatment can carry over from one generation to the next, this will have an ex ponential effect spreading through households. In the long run it will result in a negatively affect society, with rise in delinquency and increased depressed individuals. It is difficult to reach this situation, because there are many factors needed before there is long-term develop undesirable behavioural patterns become permanent. However Physical punishment has become an increasingly serious problem in the United States, affecting the mental health of children. Studies show that over 60% of families use physical punishment as a form of discipline. (Apsa) Ironically, research shows a positive correlation between physical punishment and the increase in delinquency, antisocial behaviour, and aggression in children, this is coupled with a decrease in the quality of the parent-child relationship. Due to the severe consequences of abuse, 24 countries have prohibited physical punishment in all settings, including the home. Approximately 100 countries have banned corporal punishment in schools. United Nations to has taken action by creating a Convention on the Rights of the Child, this is an international treaty prohibiting all forms of violence The lack of physical contact between parent and child can also have negative effects. For example, Holden finds intimate physical contact difficult with people he is emotionally attached to. Holden states that he cannot imagine getting to sexy with a girl he has genuine emotion for. Children need physical and emotional care to be balanced and to be able to cope in society. Finally, the impact sexual abuse on children will be discussed. Often it is difficult to single out sexually abused children; they are often ashamed of what is happening to them and tend not to tell anyone. Children who are abused by their own parents are limited with respect to the people whom they can confide to, because normally children would go to a parent, seeking help for a difficult situation which they cannot handle alone. They find it difficult to report it to the police because of a lack of confidence in themselves and often inability to admit being abused. Stockholm syndrome is useful in explaining the victims experiences and the relationship between victim and abuser. The abuser terrifies the victim, who cannot flee, though sexual abuse. Consequently the frightened victim searches nurturance and protection. Since the abuser is a parent, the child is isolated from everyone else and had no choice but to turn towards his/hers abuser. There are various consequences on children due to sexual abuse the most common is post traumatic stress disorder. This type of stress falls into three categories: re-enactment of the event, avoidance or withdrawal and physiological hyper-activity. (All about life challenges). However each human being is different, they will therefore experience these differently. Another problem is the due to sexual abuse children engage in increased sexual behaviour in comparison to non-sexually abused children. Approximately 95% of teenage prostitutes have been sexually abused. (Prevent abuse now) This could lead to premature pregnancy. The child will be born in a stressed environment and in most cases will not be treated for adequately; due to the fact that his/hers parents cannot look after themselves let alone a child. The child could also contraction of sexually transmitted diseases, for example the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which would in the long term result in death. Since the abuse took place on the body, the body is an enemy. Victims try desperately to forget, they want to cope with the pain leading to eating disorders such as obesity or anorexia, self-inflicting injuries, the inability to have sex, or engaging in sex too often, and gender-identity issues. There are also many emotional effects such as helplessness, confusion and pain. Oft en siblings blame the abused child because they believe the perpetrators denials. Children also wonder if their mother knew anything about the abuse and did not take action to stop it, resulting in trust of both parents being lost. This results in them having difficulty to trust other human beings because if they cannot even trust their parents, who are the people children can conventionally trust, then in who can children have confidence in. In addition to the emotional and physical immorality of the act, God makes it clear in His Word, if anyone causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him to be thrown into the sea with a large millstone tied around his neck (Mark 9:42). These actions spread sin throughout the world making His children suffer; for this reason that He condemns it. The purpose of the current study was to determine the repercussions of childhood trauma. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that there can be long-term effects due to physical and mental child abuse and they can be carried over from one generation to the next. The study showed a positive correlation between physiologically unstable parents and child abuse. The study has addressed childhood trauma with relation to parents, however they are the main individuals affecting a kids childhood. Society should be careful because child abuse could lead to the degradation of the world as we know it.

The French Lieutenants Woman as Victorian Realistic Novel Essay

The French Lieutenant's Woman as Victorian Realistic Novel      Ã‚   Although The French Lieutenant's Woman was written and cinematized in the 20th century and is based on a modern film production of a piece of 19th century fiction, the stories and plots themselves have contextual elements of a Victorian Realistic Novel. Despite the inability to accurately and directly compare it with that of true Victorian literature, many of the same elements can be found and parallel one another. Some of the elements of present day contemporary novels still bear a resemblance to their Victorian predecessors.    The French Lieutenant's Woman can be considered a Realistic novel because its subjects are of people living in society and their relationships; more specifically, love, courtship, money, marriage, infidelity, and social problems of the time (Agatucci, 2001). This can be contrasted to heroic, fantastic idealized or sensationalized plots of a Romance (Agatucci, 2001). In this case, realistic category fits for both past and present versions of the plot . In addition, the plot itself runs a course determined by cause and effect logic and determinism, as opposed being influenced by the divine or supernatural and be predetermined (Agatucci, 2001). The characters and conflicts can be hazy as to who is the "hero" and "villain", their qualities are a mix of both good and bad, strong and weak, and they are not idealized like that of a classical hero (Agatucci, 2001). For example, we wish for the main characters in The French Lieutenant's Woman to find love and happiness with each other, but th eir affairs are elicit and they are betraying others. Yet the characters do not possess the extreme elements of the Byronic hero, which is mostly a ... ...irs happening at the same time (Agatucci, 2001). The lack of continuity allows for reflection and comparison not only of life then and now, how we allow ourselves to be wisked off into a world of invention and illusion.    When we are willing participants, the other dramatic devices such as setting, character and plot development, and a realistic theme will then have a stronger influence on our imagination. Despite of our awareness that the stories are fiction, our need to be entertained suspends our disbelief; this one of the few characteristics we have very much in common with those living in the Victorian era.    Works Cited Longman, (2000). The Longman Anthology of British Literature, vol. B. Damrosch, D. (ed.). NY, LA: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.  Ã‚   Agatucci, C. (2001). ENG 103, Survey of British Literature. Central Oregon Community College.

Cooking Green Beans with Salt Essay

Introduction An experiment was conducted where two sets of green beans where cooked. One set had salt and the other one didn’t. One person who did not know which set of green beans had salt and which one didn’t got to taste and judge both of the sets on taste, texture and color. Chef Heston Blumenthal once asked ‘Why do cooks add salt (sodium chloride) when cooking vegetables, for example green beans? ’ Other chefs answered with these possible answers: * | * It keeps the beans green| * | * It raises the boiling point of water so the beans cook faster| * | * It prevents the beans going soggy|. * | * It improves the flavor. However, a scientist also replied saying these statements were untrue because: * | * Only the acidity and calcium content of the water affect the color of the beans| * | * Adding salt increases the boiling point of water but by such a small amount that it will make no difference to cooking times| * | * Vegetables will go soggy if cooked for too long whether salt is added or not| * | * Little salt is actually absorbed onto the surface of a bean during cooking – typically 1/10 000 g of salt per bean which is too little to be tasted by most people. The aim to this experiment was to prove or disprove these points. Materials:Listed below are the materials used for this experiment: * One bag of green beans containing about 250g * Two pans * Two bowls * One stopwatch * One strainer * A cutting board * A knife * A thermometer * SaltProcedure:First, the bag of green beans were washed and cut up. Then, they were evenly divided into two bowls; bowl A and bowl B. Bowl A had no salt in it and was then put into a pan and observed. The time it took to reach its boiling point and the temperature at boiling point were then noted. After that, the beans were places into a strainer and dried. This was also done with bowl B, except salt was added. DataAfter conducting the experiment, this is the data that was obtained:| | | | | With salt| Without salt| Taste| Tasteful| Dull, boring| Texture| Soft| Crunchy| Flavor| -| -|. As you can see, the only thing that didn’t change about the beans with salt was the flavor, which stayed the same for both experiments. Conclusion: Clearly, after this experiment, we proved the chefs right. Both the texture and taste where better with the salty beans. Some of the limitations where that we only tried this experiment once, therefore it is not 100% correct. We could have also had more people testing it, instead of just one person because there are some factors that could influence the opinion.

Why are political parties so strong in the United Kingdom yet so weak in the United States

Why are political parties so strong in the United Kingdom yet so weak in the United States Introduction The United States and United Kingdom are the largest democracies in the world hence they have variant political parties. A political party in any governing system is defined as an organization of people with similar political aims and opinions who seek to attain political influence in public policies through their representative being elected to the governing body (Medvic, 2009, p.120).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are political parties so strong in the United Kingdom yet so weak in the United States? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Political parties are either funded by the government or individual party members depending on a country’s regulations. Irrespective of the fact that both United States and Great Britain have two dominant political parties, two legislative houses and a single executive, the political parties in both nations differ in their strength. The strength of political pa rties is determined by the amount of influence a party has on its members and the cohesion in the party. The political parties in the United States are much weaker than in the United Kingdom. In the US, politics are dominated by two major parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Additionally, there are other smaller and weaker parties in the political scene. In the democracy of United Kingdom, there are three dominat political parties namely the Labour Party, the Conservative Party, and the Liberal Democrat Party currently led by Nick Clegg. However, there are other smaller political parties namely Independence Party and the Green Party. The roles of political parties include voicing the needs and concerns of their members and supporters, recruiting and training candidates for public office and socializing the citizens. This paper defines the significant difference in the strength of political parties in the United States and the United Kingdom. Moreover, it explores the factors that make political parties to be strong or weak in these countries. Political parties in the United States Political parties in the United States were not endorsed in the founding constitutions, since the intention of the Constitution and its founders was to have a triple balanced system of executive, judicial, and congressional powers. Factors that contributed to the establishment of the two-party system in the United States as the key type of system include historical foundations of the system, political socialization and practical considerations, the electoral system and the federal laws.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, there are no major requirements obligatory from the public in order to become a member of any political party (Schmidt, Shelley, Bardes, 2010, p.154). Scholars have noted that there is a decline in the strength of politic al parties compared with the past. Two party system in the United States The two-party system has dominated the United States political scene for a very long time. This could be one of the contributors to the weakening of smaller political parties in the country. People who wish to serve as president, congressional representative, state governor or state legislators have to use the two main parties, Democratic Party and the Republican Party, to increase their chances of wining. Electoral system The method of electing national and legislative representative promotes the dominance of two-party system. The structure of political parties in the United Kingdom is defined by the individual ideologies supported by each party, which their members endeavor to legislate; however, their counterparts in American lack ideologically cohesive and programmatic. The available resources for these dominant parties allow them to retain their dominance. Similarly, single member system operating in a sma ll constituency can weaken the general party by creating smaller local independent entities (Duverger, 1963, p.45). The involvement of political parties’ leaders in the selection of candidates of their political parties is very low in the United States. On the other hand the leaders of political parties in the UK have the role of choosing which candidates should represent their parties. Moreover, the United States political parties are not involved in campaigning for their chosen candidates therefore resulting to less influence on the candidates. The United Kingdom utilizes a system of proportional representation, where officials are elected, on the bases of the number of votes their parties receive in an election, which promotes strength of parties. In the United States, the election system is focused on the candidates compared to the United Kingdom model where election is party focused (Safran, 2003, p.34). Therefore, parties in the US are not perceived to be as important a s individual candidates. In party centered system, political parties are in charge of all resources while in candidate-centered system, the parties provide just a few resources to the candidates. Moreover, in the US, parties do not have the mandate of choosing the candidates to run under the party, rather, it is done by voters in preliminary voting.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are political parties so strong in the United Kingdom yet so weak in the United States? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, the influence of parties is limited hence leading to their weakening. In contrast, the United Kingdom political parties determine the candidates to run under their parties based on their set regulation. Since the political parties in the US contribute minimal resources to the campaigning of their candidates, the party has less or minimal influence and cannot sanction the candidate if he wins (Safran, 200 3, p.34). However, the political parties in the United Kingdom have much influence on their candidates and they can sanction them since they contribute most of the resources that the candidates require. The electoral system, through preliminary election of party leaders, favors the linking candidates with their local supporters rather than creating a bond between the candidates and the party (Safran, 2003, p.34). Fundamentally, the electoral system is also weakening the ideologies of the political parties. Generally, direct primaries of selecting candidates have weakened political leaders as it takes away the rights and influence of the party. In the United Kingdom the parties have the obligation of selecting candidates that they wish to field for an election without external influence. Moreover, the party oversees the campaign of its candidates and in return, the party has ultimate control and influence. Campaigning The candidate-centered approach in the US reinforces campaign-fina ncing laws. The inclination of candidates funding most of the campaign is done at the expense of the party’s influence, as is the case in America. On the other hand, in the United Kingdom, parties retain their influence since they fund the campaigns of their candidates. The use of political consultants by political candidates has contribution to the decline of roles of political parties in America where the candidates are more inclined to listening to their consultants than the position of their party. However, consultants weaken the political parties through creating campaign atmosphere where they project individual candidates to the public at the expense of the party. Nevertheless, the public are more informed on candidates’ traits rather than the policies of the candidates’ parties (Best Radcliff, 2005, p.63). Moreover, political parties have failed to innovate, hence the need for outsourcing their duties to consultants. Some modern campaign tactics are weak ening the political parties. In the United Kingdom’s party-centered system, the campaign is geared to selling the party policies to the electorate whereas in America campaigns are focused on the candidates (Swanson Mancini, 1996, p.272).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Legal factors Legal factors in the United States have contributed to the weakening of political parties (Wilson, 2008, p.124). The policy of cross filling has also undermined the strength of political parties in America. This practice, cross filling, allows individuals to be listed on more than one political party and can participate in primary ballots of all parties where they are registered (Sabato Ernst, 2006, p.88). The candidates who use this strategy aim at reducing competition, thus weakening political parties. This policy is still in effect in some states, which weakness the ideology. Moreover, the use of cross filling in the primaries resulted in reduction of political parties responsibilities. Moreover, voters in primary elections can influence nomination of their opposing party through crossover voting. These kinds of policies limit the influence of political parties on their candidates since they do not have the right to chose or vet candidates in their parties. Moreove r, the external interference in political parties through crossover voting weakens political parties in the US. Contrary to this, political parties in the United Kingdom do not have any interference from supporters of other parties; hence, they retain their objectivity in their core issues. The United States, through federal and state governments, closely regulates and it has decentralized the political parties. These actions of the government have contributed to weakening of political parties in America (Wilson, 2008, p.124). Political Action Committee (PACs) and special interest groups The decline of political parties can also be attributed to the rise of political action committees (PACs) in the elections in particular in fund raising. Candidates in the American political scene have their own PACs, which help them to collect funds for their political activities. Therefore, the candidates are more inclined to their committees than to the party, thus weakening party cohesion (Barde s, Shelley, Schmidt, 2008, p.248). However, political parties in the UK get finance from their membership contribution, donations i.e. from trade unions and the opposition parties also financed from the government kitty. Therefore, parties in UK are generally stronger than parties in US due to better finance availability. Moreover, funding of political parties from public kitty promotes internal unity among party members with in turn promote party cohesion. Subsequently, monies issued to support elections in the United States are given directly to the candidates. However, any money given to candidates tends to weaken the political parties, since the candidate becomes more independent and less reliant of the party. Conversely, public funding of political parties in the UK is channeled through the parties and not the candidates. Therefore, funding promotes part strength since the party leaders have leverage to induce their ideologies. Moreover, parties limit the amount of resources t hat an individual candidate can contribute to their campaign in order to protect the party’s influence. Additionally, political parties in American are influenced by their private donors, hence leading to partisan politics that decrease the strength of the party; however parties in the UK are less likely to be influenced since they do not over-rely on private donors for funding. Since action groups can access public support and resources, they have been undermining political parties that do not support their ideologies hence weakening of parties. Voters The social and political environment, in which the party operates, has a great impact on party cohesion. In addition, the development of an increase of number of independent voters has given rise to weakening of the political parties. Generally, a considerable number of voters in America are not registered in the two main political parties, thus the two key political parties have been declining in recent years. Further, the pa rticipation of voters in direct primaries to determine the candidate to run under a certain party weakens political parties (Sabato Ernst, 2006, p.110). Nevertheless, the political parties have not been able to attract public loyalty due to social changes. Furthermore, there is a trend of voters disengaging from party politics due to disappointments from political parties in the past. This is as a result of the fact that most American political parties are not engaged actively in their citizens’ lives, leading to high number of non-partisans. Conversely, the public in Europe and particularly in the United Kingdom are still inclined to party politics as they join and register in political parties, pay contributions to their parties and participate in party activities i.e. attending meetings (Wilson, 2008, p.125). Moreover, interest groups and citizen groups are competing with political parties for influence and loyalty among the citizens. However, party loyalty has declined s ince the inception of interest groups among the people in the United States. In deed, citizen action groups are actively replacing the role of political parties as a result of their weakening. Conclusion The United States and the UK have some dominant political parties and other smaller parties. Generally, the role of political parties in democracies is to educate the public on their civic rights and duties, to participate in influencing of public policies and recruiting and training candidates for public office. The strength of political parties is determined by the amount of influence a party has on its members and the cohesion in the party. However, there factors that undermine the strength of political parties namely rules and regulations, electoral systems, change of attitude among voters and modern campaigning techniques. Additionally, the rise of Political Action Committees and citizen interest groups has also undermined the strength of political parties especially in America . The United Kingdom has been able to retain the strength in its political parties due to the fact that they are able to control the selection and funding of their candidates. Moreover, the parties have restricted candidates from being independent from the party, hence creating reliance and influence. Through primary election in single-member district system, political parties in America have lost their influence in selection of candidates. Besides, a policy like cross filling of candidates during the direct primaries also contributes to the decline of parties (Shepherd, 2005, p.337). Further, the political parties in America are not funded by the government; rather, the candidates are funded directly. Consequently, this direct funding from the government makes the candidates independent from their parties. However, in the United Kingdom system, the government funds political parties directly, which in turn dispatch funds to their candidates. This mode of funding ensures that politi cal parties maintain their influence over their candidates, hence creating cohesion and party strength. References List Bardes, B., Shelley, M. Schmidt, S., 2008. American Government and Politics Today. Belmont: Cengage Learning. Best, S. Radcliff, B., 2005. Polling America: A-O. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. Duverger, M., 1963. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activities in the modern State. London: Taylor Francis. Medvic, S., 2009. Campaigns and elections: players and processes. Boston: Cengage Learning. Sabato, L. Ernst, H., 2006. Encyclopedia of American Political parties and elections. NY: Infobase Publishing. Safran, W., 2003. The Secular and the Sacred Nation: Nation, Religion and Politics. London: Taylor Francis. Schmidt, S., Shelley, M. and Bardes, B., 2010. American Government and Politics Today, 2010-2011. Boston: Cengage Learning. Shepherd, M. 2005. Mastering the National Admissions Test for Law. London: Routledge. Swanson, D. Mancini, P., 1996. Po litics, media, and modern democracy: an international study of innovations in electoral campaigning and their consequences. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. Wilson, J. Q., 2008. American Government. OH: Cengage Learning.

Prescription Painkillers, the New Drug Abuse of Choice

Prescription Painkillers, the New Drug Abuse of Choice Abstract In the recent past, statistics have shown that as the government increases efforts to curb the use of various illegal drugs, people have turned to prescription drugs, which are increasingly becoming the new forms of drug abuse. Among the most commonly abused prescription drugs are prescription painkillers since they are readily available through various illegitimate online drug stores with or without a formal prescription.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Prescription Painkillers, the New Drug Abuse of Choice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But owing to the increase in the number of people visiting emergency departments with complications related to prescription painkiller abuse or overdoses, there is the imperative need for the government and other key stakeholders to address this public health problem speedily. This can be achieved through law enforcement and public education about the correct use s of such medications, which can cause fatal complications if misused. As policy-makers move to curb the use of street drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, and heroin, shocking statistics show that there has been a sharp increase in the misuse of prescription drugs in the United States. According to McCarthy (2007), the number of cases related to the misuse of prescription drugs increased by 21% in 2004-2005. More specifically, the number of visits to the emergency departments as a result of non-medical use of prescription drugs rose from 495,732 in 2004 to about 598,542 cases in 2005. Moreover, the Drug Abuse Warning Network reported that there were more than 1.4 million emergency department visits in 2005 that were related to the misuse of drugs (McCarthy, 2007). Out of these cases, about 27% were related to the misuse of prescription drugs. Among the most commonly abused drugs in 2004-2005 were benzodiazepines (19%), opiates and opioids (24%), and methadone (29%). Studies attribute the recent increase in the misuse of prescription drugs to an increase in the use of the Internet, which facilitates the growth of illegitimate online drug stores and uncontrolled online prescription drug sales. One study has examined the effect of growth in the use of high-speed Internet on the availability of commonly misused prescription drugs in the United States. The study findings demonstrate that for each 10% increase in the use of high-speed Internet in different parts of the United States, the number of emergency department visits related to misuse of prescription drugs increases by 1%. Based on these results, the researchers recommend that the government should monitor the possible threat posed by the rising number of illegitimate online drug stores that could be encouraging the misuse of prescription drugs (Jena Goldman, 2011). On the other hand, considering that prescription painkillers are among the most commonly abused prescription drugs, this paper examines the most recent statistics regarding the misuse of prescription painkillers with the aim of outlining possible solutions to this public health problem.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Prescription Painkiller Abuse For many years, a variety of opioid analgesics such as oxycodone, methadone, oxymorphine, and hydrocodone have been used in the management of pain. However, in the recent past, different types of these drugs have been availed in the market and the number of prescriptions for opioids has increased considerably. Therefore, as the medical use of opioids continues to increase, so does the nonmedical uses. In fact, McCarthy (2007) indicates that the non-medical use of prescription painkillers is estimated to cost the health care sector about US$72.5 billion annually. On the other hand, according to statistics released by the Centers for Disease Control and Preven tion in 2009, there were about 500,000 visits to the emergency department as a result of prescription painkiller overdoses. Of these cases, more than 15,500 people died as a result of prescription painkiller poisoning. These cases of prescription painkiller overdoses can be attributed to all types of opioids, but methadone has contributed to at least 30% of such cases. As a result, it is surprising that methadone is the leading cause of prescription painkiller deaths even though its total prescriptions are no more than 2% of all painkiller prescriptions written in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012). For decades, methadone has been medically prescribed for the management of drug addiction. Moreover, it is an effective painkiller, which provides long-lasting effects for pain relief. However, it is imperative to note that as the medical uses of methadone increase, so does the nonmedical uses owing to its widespread availability in most pharmacies and online drug stores. Shockingly, studies by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have warned against the indiscriminate use of methadone owing to several risks associated with the drug. The major risks associated with methadone include increased toxicity at low doses, drug build up that can cause slowed breathing, and disruption of the heart’s rhythm. Nonetheless, different pharmacies across the United States received more than four million prescriptions for this drug in 2009. Moreover, methadone is readily available to many people considering that it is a low-cost generic drug recommended by many physicians and insurance companies. However, the major problem with this drug is that many cases of methadone-related deaths involve people who purchase the drug without a formal prescription. Accordingly, studies indicate that most people obtain methadone using illegal prescriptions or through other means such as drug diversion (CDC, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Prescription Painkillers, the New Drug Abuse of Choice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recommendations From the foregoing discussions, it is evident that the risk of prescription painkiller abuse has increased considerably in the last decade. This has been attributed to an increase in the availability of prescription painkillers through illegitimate online drug stores and other illegal means such as drug diversion. As a result, there is the immediate need for the United States government to engage other stakeholders in ensuring that federal laws prohibiting the non-medical use and possession of prescription painkillers are enforced to the letter. On the other hand, health care providers should ensure that they follow the correct guidelines that govern the use of different prescription painkillers including methadone. Moreover, health care providers should design proper prescription drug monitoring systems in order to ensure that their patients do not misuse prescription painkillers (CDC, 2012). Overall, a close collaboration between the government, healthcare providers, and health insurance providers can go a long way in terms of preventing or reducing prescription drug abuse and overdoses. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2012). Prescription painkiller overdoses: Use and abuse of methadone as a painkiller. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/MethadoneOverdoses/ Jena, A. B., Goldman, D. P. (2011). Growing Internet use may help explain the rise in prescription drug abuse in the United States. Health Affairs, 30(6), 1192-1199. McCarthy, M. (2007). Prescription drug abuse up sharply in the USA. The Lancet, 369(9572), 1505-1506.

Strategy Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategy Evaluation - Essay Example A case of assuming availability of traditional work force to undertake a task that involves more drudgery but is very cost-effective may not work if better opportunities are available to the targeted work force (Allan). On proper allocation of resources, even though required financial resources might have been arranged , it might not have considered the need for skilled and competent employees. Further, the manager must also be able to ensure a compatibility in the operational styles with the other departments and units in the same organization. The creation of an environment for consensus and acceptability of ideas across the group need to be present for a viable strategy for the business. A clear judgment on the time allocation for various processes like market analysis, product generation, test marketing and final launch must be carefully position to prevent the loss in the advantageous position that the company might have had initially (Allan). Due to all these reasons the strate gy evaluation often tends to be very complex and sensitive exercise.

Week june 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week june 2 - Essay Example West expression of San Cooke’s , â€Å"he [Cooke] expressed the centuries-held hope of black folks trapped in a country that considered them subhuman†¦Sam Cooke’s ‘Change’ brought with it a certain hard-earned sense of possibility tempered by reality† is actually a memoir of Cornel West poignant admiration of Sam Cooke’s optimism to pursue the black folks centuries-held hope which most black people have abandoned. This is contained in the book entitled â€Å"Living and Loving Out Loud† where Cooke initiated a dialogue about race and justice where Cooke’s idea of â€Å"change† was one of the topic of discourse as he provoke the reader about the passionate struggle of the black man in the not so distant past which may now have seemingly forgotten. The gist of the expression was simply about the unwavering belief that in due time, the blacks will be free from the shackles of slavery no matter how long it will take. This is also reflective in Peter Seeger song in the late 50s entitled To Everything There is a Season which is abbreviated as â€Å"Turn, Turn, Turn†. The lyrics of the song is consistent with Cooke’s hope for â€Å"Change† albeit Seegers version has religious connotation because it is lifted from the Holy Bible’s Book of Ecclesiastes in Chapter 3. Nevertheless, both work expressed that â€Å"there is a season for everything† including â€Å"change† that eventually, injustice against the black man will end which it did even if it took long and claimed many