Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Gestalt And Humanistic Modes Of Thought - 800 Words

Gestalt and humanistic modes of thought share the idea that people have free-will and are able to make their own choices in life; also, a high importance is placed on a person’s experiences and personal viewpoint (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). Phenomenology, or the introspective analysis of whole conceptual experiences, features prominently in both ideologies (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). Another shared viewpoint is that human beings are unique, and as such there is a limit to what can be learned from other humans, or from the study of animals (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). The thought that people are too complex to be studied with normal scientific methodology is another shared tenet. The main difference between these two ideologies is the basic premise of human nature. Humanistic psychology’s primary belief is that human nature is intrinsically good and that their default would be to naturally get along with other people (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). For Gestalt type psychology, the basis of human nature is mainly neutral, and people then have to exercise choice in order to become something else. Coming to understand one’s own mortality as a way to live life is part of Gestalt psychology, whereas for humanistic psychology it is not considered as important to human actuality (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). The application and connection of a humanistic understanding of learning and how it applies to leadership roles also shares some similarities with Gestalt psychology. DevelopingShow MoreRelatedStructuralism And The Development Of Psychology874 Words   |  4 Pages(Edward B. Titchener) functionalism- from an evolutionary process, a school of psychology is focused on how mental and behavioral processes function Behavioral- an objective form of science that studies behavior without reference to mental process b) Gestalt- Max Wertheimer sought to explain perceptions in terms of results rather than by analyzing their constituents c)Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic-Sigmund Freud revolutionized psychology with his theory of psychoanalytic, he believed he discovered the unconsciousRead MoreHumanistic Nursing8354 Words   |  34 PagesHUMANISTIC NURSING THEORY By: MARY JOHN L. RENONG, RN August 10, 2013 Dr. Loretta Zderad Dr. Josephine Paterson I. BIOGRAPHY Josephine Paterson was born on the 1st of September of 1924 in Freeport, New York. Loretta and Josephine spent their early school years during the depression of the 1930s. Josephine G. Paterson was also learning the role of a nurse as well as work responsibilities during this same time period. She hadRead MoreEssay on Ta and Gestalt3196 Words   |  13 PagesIn this essay I will give an explanation of my understanding of Transactional Analysis, more commonly known as ‘TA’, and the Gestalt theory to counselling, as discussed in module one, year three of the Chrysalis Counselling course. I will then apply these approaches, and demonstrate the methodology to a previous client case study, discussing what I could have achieved. I will offer a brief outline of the case in question to allow for clear understanding of the presenting issue, and the possible outcomesRead MoreTransactional Analysis and Gestalt Therapy Essay3497 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Gestalt and TA concept have been widely recognized for their role in psychotherapy. In this context, they provide the therapist with a framework which can be used to help their patients overcome mental problems and issues. As result, personal growth and development is likely to be attained. Their significance is illuminated by the fact that both of them encourage the patient’s ‘here and now’ awareness, which is fundamental in personal development (Brenner 2000). 2. Gestalt Fritz andRead MoreTheories and Principles for Planning and Enabling Learning Essay3317 Words   |  14 PagesUNIT 4 – TASK 1 2 INTRODUCTION 2 RELEVANT THEORIES OF LEARNING 2 (Neo-)Behaviourists 2 Humanists 2 Gestalt Theory 2 The Cognitivists 3 Other theories 3 COMMUNICATION THEORIES 3 Transactional Analysis (TA) and Teaching 3 Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) 4 CONCLUSION 4 UNIT 4 – TASK 2 5 INTRODUCTION 5 CURRENT SITUATION 5 THE FUTURE 7 How to apply the Humanist perspective? 7 How to apply the Cognitivist perspective? 7 UNIT 4 – TASK 3 9 INTRODUCTION 9 CURRENT SITUATION 9 WHAT IRead MoreModule 2 Dttls Essay5219 Words   |  21 PagesUnlike Piaget, learners do not move through the stages but use the model of representation from each stage to support their learning. Identifying discovery learning is the acquisition of new knowledge and then assimilated or accommodated based on the modes or representation. When a learner does something with new knowledge e.g. they manipulate it and apply it to working out a problem it is called transformation. In the evaluation stage the learner assesses the usefulness of the new knowledge. BrunerRead MoreExistentialist Therapy : Moderating Life s Journey1752 Words   |  8 Pagesresponsibility and fulfillment through the client/therapist relationship and evoking change in treatment. Existentialism was created out of ideals of European philosophers from the 1800’s and 1900’s who were in the midst of great change in industry, thought and government rule. In a new French republic undergoing two World Wars, one in which he fought and was imprisoned, Jean-Paul Sartre created the slogan â€Å"existence proceeds essence† in his work, Existentialism and Human Emotions. This work becameRead MoreNlp in English Language Teaching5593 Words   |  23 Pagesbrain can be trained for the purpose of betterment. It encompasses or is related to left / right brain functions, visual / auditory / kinesthetic learning styles, multiple intelligence and other areas of research which are attempting to identify modes of learning whilst recognizing the importance of the individual learner. (http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/methodology/nlp.shtml#one) Here are the key features of NLP: • NLP is about recognizing patterns. • NLP is concerned withRead MoreArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 Pagesphenomenological and the cognitive unconscious. At the ï ¬ rst level, individuals are conscious of their feelings and actions while, at the second level, sensorimotor and other bodily oriented inference mechanisms inform their processes of abstract thought and reasoning. We analyze the consumption stories of 30 museum goers in order to understand how people move through museum spaces and feel, touch, hear, smell, and taste art. Further, through an analysis of metaphors and the use of conceptual blendingRead MoreArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 Pagesphenomenological and the cognitive unconscious. At the ï ¬ rst level, individuals are conscious of their feelings and actions while, at the second level, sensorimotor and other bodily oriented inference mechanisms inform their processes of abstract thought and reasoning. We analyze the consumption stories of 30 museum goe rs in order to understand how people move through museum spaces and feel, touch, hear, smell, and taste art. Further, through an analysis of metaphors and the use of conceptual blending

Monday, December 23, 2019

Development of Human Language, Neurolinguistics and...

Most people take it for granted that children will develop cognition, language and communication skills when they reach a certain stage in their life. In fact, various studies have been conducted regarding these aspects of human development. A common topic for debate is the issue of nature versus nurture, wherein some groups support the idea that language and cognitive development is as natural as breathing while other groups contend that external factors influence these characteristics of human progress. Researchers are given the opportunity to dig deeper into this issue through cases involving feral, isolated and confined children. A normal child develops in a variety of domains that are closely linked with each other. They influence†¦show more content†¦Language development among humans normally occurs rapidly from the time the child is born to around the age of five. There are generally accepted language learning milestones that every child has to achieve even though the pace and age at which these are achieved may vary from child to child (Language Development). There are several theories regarding language acquisition and development. Chomsky theorized that people have an inborn ability to learn language through a special biological mechanism, a species-specific biological endowment, which he referred to as a Language Acquisition Device that is found in the brain. He likened this to a â€Å"universal grammar† that is recognized by all humans. His theories were also considered as Nativist in comparison to the Behaviorist theories which stipulate that language acquisition is achieved as a resu lt of providing rewards for imitations (Rieber ; â€Å"Theories About How Young Children Acquire and Develop Language†). Piaget contends that cognition precedes language development and children simply use language to represent what they are thinking. Vygotsky argued that language is primarily a form of social communication, which eventually leads to language and cognition. More recent theorists claim that the child is an active part of their holistic development with language acquisition being the result of cognitive, emotional and social interactions (â€Å"Theories About How Young Children Acquire and Develop Language†). All

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Knowledge Management PETRONAS Free Essays

Introduction Today, oil and gas companies around the world are not just professional organizations who specialize in mechanical drilling and extraction processes. Increased oil demands and the need for improved productivity have forced these organizations into new methods and knowledge intensive approaches. For instance information technology has now become very much an integral part of the oil exploration and oil extraction business. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Management: PETRONAS or any similar topic only for you Order Now The collaboration between multi disciplinary teams has become a norm. Real-time information communication from remote reservoirs, and processing of such data in a collaborative environment that involves multiple teams and vendor locations has become an essential part of the business decision making process. In other words, a knowledge based approach underlies the critical business decisions in oil majors. (Jemielniak Kociatkievicz, 2009, pg 284). As an oil and gas extraction company of the world, with presence in more than 30 countries across the world, PETRONAS is one of the Oil Majors. Being an increasingly competitive sector, skilled staff are always on demand in the Oil and Gas industry. This implies that organizations have to defend against attrition and be armed with effective knowledge management practices that manage vital information about processes, best practices and information about field experts and tacit knowledge about the entire operational processes. Effective knowledge management process is at the heart of business competitiveness and success. Knowledge Management Knowledge is a multidimensional and heterogeneous entity. Proper storage, classification and retrieval of knowledge is critical for innovation, cost control and hence the competitiveness of any industry. Particularly, for knowledge intensive firms such as PETRONAS, where high skilled engineering processes are involved, there is a need for ‘integrated operations’ between various knowledge areas. Ultimately, improving the production optimization process is at the heart of all knowledge management practices in PETRONAS. One of the important areas that lack coordination in the Oil and gas sector in general is the working of the reservoir engineers, the production engineers and the process engineers at the facilities. This implies that operation decisions are not always made in consultation with the onshore engineers. In other words this leads to what is known as the fragmented approach. (Jemielniak Kociatkievicz) 2009, pg 285 Integrated Operations (Process facility and reservoir sensors and Collaboration among vendors and operators) (Jemielniak Kociatkievicz, 2009, pg 285) Information technology has now penetrated every area of the production and process control aspects of the Oil and Gas companies. However, most of these IT tools are specialized and lack the integration that makes it difficult to access relevant data for purposes of production analysis and optimization. It is necessary that all the three major divisions (reservoir management, production management and process management) exchange real-time data. A shared information space might be the answer to the problems as it promotes better access to real-time data and integration of the various processes, which is the key to achieving production optimization. (Jemielniak Kociatkievicz, 2009, pg 284) Knowledge Management in PETRONAS Knowledge management practices are very recent at PETRONAS. As the Knowledge Management manager, Miss Murni Shariff, disclosed in a recent interview, only in 2006 the company seriously focused on KM practices. Prior to that KM was mostly restricted to content and information management. (KMTalk, 2009) There are two types of knowledge namely tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. Explicit knowledge, as the name suggests, refers to knowledge that could be easily documented. This type of knowledge is gained by reading, observation and discussion. For instance, documented guides about a program or the operational features of a product are examples of explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge, on the other hand, is more implicit and it is not easy to document it and consequently much harder to share. Tacit knowledge is developed over a period of time when an individual gains insights and details about the various functions in the organization. (MMU, 2006) Currently, PETRONAS is focusing on all efforts towards transferring this tacit knowledge of its staff and making it accessible for future reference and for new workers. Achieving this tacit knowledge sharing pertaining to the various complex processes within the organizations is crucial for the company to reduce costs and become competitive. As Stephen Birell, marketing director of Vardus, a KM company focusing on the Oil and gas sector states, â€Å"The way the industry can drive down cost is by attacking the areas of huge cost which are facilities and drilling. And if everyone follows best practice and shares their learning, you won’t have people making the same mistakes twice. And that ultimately saves money.† (Chowdury, 2006) Three issues are the main motivating factors for the implementation of KM practices across the organization. These are 1) aging workforce- With more than three and half decades since its institution many of the technical staff members at PETRONAS are nearing their retirement age and this mass retirement would drastically impact upon the performance unless swift knowledge management policies are in place to capture the tacit knowledge of these experienced older workforce. 2) The global oil industry is very competitive placing a high premium for the experienced and knowledgeable workforce. High attrition rate at PETRONAS is one big problem as competitors are luring skilled staff. In this context the issue of Trust becomes foremost. The following 5 C’s are recognized as trust factors among knowledge intensive workers. These are a) Competence, b) Commitment, c) Conflict, d) Communication and e) Caring. Of these commitment is foremost and it is the responsibility of the team leade r or the manager to ensure that commitment to the organization and its values are developed naturally as a response to the motivation and example shown by the leader. (Ralston, 2007) Finally, increasing international operations also implies international competition and in this scenario an effective KM plan is indispensible for the organization to smoothly manage and coordinate the international operations. KM makes it possible to simply follow the ‘PETRONAS way’ of transferring knowledge across the different organizations. (KMtalk, 2009) Initially, the main focus was on technology and in removing the hindrances in sharing knowledge stored in varied database formats. However, more than the technical problems it is the problem associated with human acceptance that is currently a pressing issue. In other words, promoting effective change management is the key to implementing KM practices. At PETRONAS new initiatives were implemented to promote better change management. Communities of Practice A new, ‘Communities of practice’ (CoP) initiative was implemented with the idea of starting an effective KM program across the entire organization to better facilitate transfer of information between the various divisions in a swift and effective manner. Currently, there are over 50 CoP’s with each Cop having 30 members. A leader or a champion is chosen among each CoP team based on their performance criteria. The CoP’s were provided with a basic structural framework with which they can implement KM solutions and promote group-wide collaborative values. Regular monitoring of the CoP operations and impact of the same are undertaken. These leaders are also encouraged to share success stories on online CoP newsletter. To encourage enthusiastic participation from the staff, the Knowledge management team is also currently promoting a rewards system wherein the reports from the various Cop’s would be reviewed and the best performing team recognized and awarded (Murni Shariff, 2008) This CoP approach at PETRONAS has shown significant positive results so far with effective information exchange between various operating units already visible across the organization. This would also significantly improve the training for younger generation staff as they fast replace the retiring older generation. A simple online tool that was designed to evaluate the penetration of the CoP based KM practices has confirmed these positive improvements. ( Murni Shariff, 2008) Conclusion Knowledge management practices are critical to the continued competitive growth of any organization. In simple terms it facilitates effective reuse of organizational resources which is tantamount to considerable cost savings. Particularly, in a knowledge intensive and high-tech organization such as PETRONAS, KM practices help to promote better collaboration between multidisciplinary teams. This could help avoid millions of dollars in costs by helping workers avoid unnecessary delays and repetitive mistakes. The current KM practices involving Communities of practice concepts are showing good acceptance among the staff which is important for effective change management. As more and more staff members are encouraged to participate in KM activities, more intensive KM practices and collaborative platforms could be established. This would help in realizing organization wide process integration and overall business alignment. However, regular knowledge auditing is the key to understand the flow of knowledge within the organization and to ascertain areas where improvements could be effected by increasing knowledge sharing. Continued management support is the key as even a small amount of time and resources spent on good KM practices would definitely translate to considerable productivity gains in the longer run. References Dariusz Jemielniak Jerzy Kociatkievicz, (2009), Handbook of research on Knowledge intensive organizations, Pub by Information Science Reference. Faith Ralston, (2007), How to manage four types of Knowledge Workers- Play Your Best Hand, Adams Media. U.S.A KMtalk, (2009) Knowledge Management in PETRONAS : Interview with Murni Shariff, viewed Jan 23rd 2012, http://www.kmtalk.net/article.php?story=20090131090639919 Murni Shariff, (2008), PETRONAS : Engaging Knowledge Worker Communities to Stimulate Innovation and Build Corporate Capability, Viewed Jan 23rd 2012, Naguib Chowdhury, (2006), Knowledge Management Implementation in PETRONAS: A Case Study, Viewed Jan 23rd 2012, Manchester Metropolitan University, (2006) Introduction to Knowledge Management, viewed Jan 24th 2012, How to cite Knowledge Management: PETRONAS, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Managing Disaster Contingent Liabilities - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Managing Disaster Contingent Liabilities? Answer: Introducation We are obliged to get a response from you and we would also like to express our gratitude for getting back to us with your concern. We are extremely obliged that you have contacted us while considering us to be capable enough for helping you in your decision- making process by providing you with the best possible solutions available. Similar to our previous deals, we would try our best to satisfy your needs by providing you with the best possible solutions with respect to the issues that are detected in the accounting along with the problems faced by you, which you have mentioned in the e-mail. We shall provide you with the recommendations while keeping into consideration the Corporation Act 2001, AASB and its elucidation shall be in accordance with the problems of accounting, which are mentioned by IFRS. We consider that you are familiar with the aspect that contingent liabilities are referred to as those liabilities, which usually have probable losses that might occur in the future as a result of the happening or non- happening of a certain event or even as a result of some particular outcome. There are several real life examples that can be linked with the contingent liabilities. Some of them are research related to some of the major organizational failures that are pending till date, legal claims and the warranties provided to the clients on purchase of the products[1]. It is necessary to show the contingent liabilities in the financial statements of the organization along with recording the amount previously estimated by the organization in its annual sheets. This amount is kept separate as a reserve for the organization to be used in situations where the company might want to prevent the situation in the future. As per the Para 123 of AASB 137, contingent liabilities can be iden tified along with the chief accountability and the major reasons for the outflow of the organizational resources such that the economy of the organization can derive benefits and can possibly solved under those accountability or responsibility. As per the Para 29, it has been identified that it is the liability of the organization to treat the responsibilities as contingent liability. The contingent liabilities have to be ascertained by the organization well in advance and cannot be determined by the organization that the liabilities shall definitely occur in the financial year. Thus, the detailed evaluation the contingent liabilities has to be a continuous process such that the organization can determine the outflow of the resources that shall enable the organization to obtain benefits for improving the organizations economy. Similarly, it is necessary to recognize the provisions that already exist within the operations such that the current responsibilities, both legal and constru ctive arising from the previous events can be accurately estimated and the required amount can be set aside for it. The basic aim for the provision is to adjust it appropriately with the current years balance, which shall enable the organization to consider the costs that is a part of that particular financial year and maintaining the status of the finances that have previously been considered such that they can be accounted in that financial year. Thus, despite the utilization of provision within the organization seems to be a type of saving in the first look, it does not imply to be a type of saving for the organization. Contingent liability is usually mentioned under the heading of income statement in the balance sheet and is located in the bracket of expenses. Additionally, the major distinguishing factor between provision and contingent liability is that the provisions are shown in the financial statements whereas, the contingent liabilities are recorded in the financial statements of the organizations under the heading of liabilities[2]. On the other hand, in cases when the probable liabilities are expected to be high somewhere around 60 to 90 percent, the liabilities are placed under the heading of provision in the organizations financial statements. On the contrary, if the amount of liability lies between five percent to 60 percent, the liability is recorded in the financial statements as notes. In cases when the liabil ity is less than five percent, the organization becomes incapable of taking any actions regarding it. Thus, keeping into consideration the AASB 137 in the Provisions, the Contingent assets and liabilities have been mentioned as the major issue in the e-mail. In response to the issue, we can suggest that the intangible assets must be mentioned in the balance sheet. This shall help in the vital amortization and shall also help in its recognition. In this particular case, it has been identified that the organization possesses an asset that amounts to $ 800,000 as on 30th June 2018. This has been recognized in accordance with the valuation provided by the organizations directors. This indicates that the organization is required to make certain changes in its policy in accordance with the current happenings such that it becomes easier to recognize the accounting along with the costs, which are capable of being developed by an internal basis. Additionally, the intangible assets of the organization are required to have a life that shall enable the process of amortization within the duration for which the assets were used. Therefore, it is possible to realize this amount with the amortization process and it can be reported at the cost of $ 800,000, which can be further applied with the residual value of the assets. While considering the second case, it has been identified that Beachlife Ltd has entered into a sales contract with Goodsports Ltd as on 1st December 2017 and with an amount of $ 90000. On the basis of this amount, the payments were made as on 30th December 2017. At last, the equipment was delivered by the organization on 10th December 2017. As per the sales contract, Goodsports Ltd had offered a clause of maintenance for that equipment, which was applicable for the first first year after the purchase was made by the concerned company. The company had fixed the maintenance amount and the amount was a value of $ 7500. On the other hand, Goodsports Ltd was not happy with the task of maintenance, which was provided by the organization as it was liable to pay 15 percent of the price paid. This amount summed up to be $ 90000* 15 percent, which is equals to $ 13500. Thus, in the present situation, it has been identified that Beachlife Ltd is required to show an amount of $ 90000, which has been recorded under the heading of income as sales for the sale of the equipment. This was because the organization received the amount in that particular year that is 31st December 2017[3]. auditing, the maintenance amount that summed up to be $ 7500 has to be shown as contingent liability in the balance sheet as well as in the statement of income under the heading of provision for the estimated amount. The amount of $ 13500 has to be mentioned as notes in the organizations financial statement under the heading of contingent liability because this liability is not of probable nature. In case you come across any issues or doubts related to the suggestions provided by us, please feel free to contact us by the means of telephonic call or via e- mail. Reference List Gamper, Catherine, et al. "Managing disaster-related contingent liabilities." (2017). Hendrickson, Joshua R. "Contingent liability, capital requirements, and financial reform."Cato J.34 (2014): 129. Picker, Ruth, et al.Applying international financial reporting standards. John Wiley Sons, 2016.