How to Extract DNA From a Banana

How to Extract DNA From a Banana Extracting DNA from a banana may sound like a difficult task, but it is not very difficult at all. The process involves a few general steps, including mashing, filtration, precipitation, and extraction. What You Need BananaSaltWarm waterLiquid soapBlenderToothpicksStrainerGlass jarRubbing alcoholKnife Heres How Using your knife, cut your banana into tiny pieces to expose more of the cells.Place your banana pieces in the blender, add a teaspoon of salt and slightly cover the mixture with warm water. The salt will help the DNA stay together during the mashing process.Mix in the blender for 5 to 10 seconds making sure the mixture is not too runny.Pour the mixture into the glass jar through the strainer. You want the jar to be about half full.Add about 2 teaspoons of liquid soap and gently stir the mixture. You should try not to create bubbles when stirring. The soap helps to break down cell membranes to release the DNA.Carefully pour very cold rubbing alcohol down the side of the glass stopping near the top.Wait for 5 minutes to allow the DNA to separate from the solution.Use the toothpicks to extract the DNA that floats to the surface. It will be long and stringy. Tips When pouring the alcohol, make sure that two separate layers are being formed (The bottom layer being the banana mixture and the top layer being the alcohol).When extracting the DNA, twist the toothpick slowly. Be sure to only remove the DNA from the top layer.Try repeating this experiment again using other foods such as an onion or chicken liver. Process Explained Mashing the banana exposes a greater surface area from which to extract the DNA. The liquid soap is added to help break down cell membranes to release the DNA. The filtration step (pouring the mixture through the strainer) allows for the collection of the DNA and other cellular substances. The precipitation step (pouring the cold alcohol down the side of the glass) allows the DNA to separate from other cellular substances. Finally, the DNA is removed from the solution by extraction with the toothpicks. DNA Basics DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule, illustration. Â  KTSDESIGN/Science Photo Library/Getty Images What is DNA?: DNA is a biological molecule that contains genetic information. It is a nucleic acid that is organized into chromosomes. The genetic code found in DNA provides instructions for the production of proteins and all components necessary for the reproduction of life. Where is DNA Found?: DNA can be found in the nucleus of our cells. Organelles known as mitochondria also produce their own DNA. What makes up DNA?: DNA is composed of long nucleotide strands. How is DNA shaped?: DNA commonly exists as a double stranded molecule with a twisted double helical shape. What is the role of DNA in inheritance?: Genes are inherited through the replication of DNA in the process of meiosis. Half of our chromosomes are inherited from our mother and half from our father. What is the role of DNA in protein production?: DNA contains the genetic instructions for the production of proteins. DNA is first transcribed into an RNA version of the DNA code (RNA transcript). This RNA message is then translated to produce proteins. Proteins are involved in just about all cell functions and are key molecules in living cells. More Fun With DNA This model shows the double helix and nucleotide base structure of DNA. The double helix is formed by two spiraling strands of sugar phosphates. Nucleotide bases (red, blue, yellow, green) are arrayed along these strands. LAWRENCE LAWRY/Getty Images Constructing DNA models is a great way to learn about the structure of DNA, as well as DNA replication. You can learn how to make DNA models out of everyday objects including cardboard and jewelry. You can even learn how to make a DNA model using candy.

Should SDSu student use ADHD drug to help them study Essay

Should SDSu student use ADHD drug to help them study - Essay Example On the other hand, there are students who abuse these drugs by taking them even though they do not have the condition. This is very common among students who have high expectations to excel. Despite the significant risks associated with ADHD drugs, some students take them without proper medical advice in order to cope with high expectations and academic standards. Even for students with ADHD, the drugs only improve concentration and attention but do not help when it comes to studying. Preliminary investigations show that the primary motive as to why students take ADHD drugs is for study help. Since ADHD drugs are one of the most abused drugs among students, the current paper examines whether SDSu students should use these drugs. Using ethical and logical (health concerns) arguments, we argue that only students with special needs, having been examined by relevant specialists, should be allowed to take ADHD drugs. Application of Appeal of Logic Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was originally believed to be a pediatric condition. Children who suffer from ADHD continue experiencing the symptoms even in adulthood. Adderall is the most common prescribed drug for students with ADHD, with Ritalin and Dexedrine. . ADHD stimulant is a legal drug as compared to other illegal drugs sold on the street. When one buys these drugs, it is evident that dirty druggies like those who prepare cocaine do not prepare the drug. Therefore, SDSu students with special needs should use ADHD drugs because most people trust the drug’s medical founding. It is quite evident that medical experts would not deceive the public about the ADHD stimulant quality. ADHD drugs are perceived to be stimulants because they expand dopamine in the brain. There has been an increase in the consumption of ADHD stimulants in the United States of America that is, individuals’ expenditure on these drugs rose from 83% to 90% from the year 1993 to 2003. The increase in consumption of th ese drugs does not only apply in United States but also the rest of the world. Usually, students use these drugs to curb exam pressures since sleepiness and fatigue makes it hard for students to study. However, students use these drugs not necessarily to score high but to concentrate during study. In addition, using the ADHD stimulants is not legal because Adderall is a controllable stimulant just like cocaine (Oremus, 2013). Application of Appeal of Emotion Research indicates that some students take ADHD stimulants for the right reason. Students use these stimulants to encourage positive outcomes: good and high grades. For instance, Oremus (2013) explains that these drugs allow one to hold attention for long hours when performing a task. The stimulants also increase individuals’ ability to remember, multitask, and to be faster in handling activities. Crusius and Channell (2010) claims that taking ADHD drug helps students think better and perform successfully and professional ly in schoolwork. However, ADHD drug is for individuals who want success in their work towards achieving their goals. According to Oremus, (2013), Cambridge undergraduate students who employ ADHD drugs in their studies and their consumption has resulted to enhancements such as recollecting of information within a short duration and planning capabilities. If a student wants to experience a

Mafia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mafia - Assignment Example The mafia is involved in various criminal activities. These include prostitution rings in various cities and towns around the world. These organizations have brothels and operate night clubs to cover up their criminal activities. Most of the women in the prostitution rings are not willing participants but rather victims of human trafficking sold into the sex trade (Artemis 2004). The mafia is also involved in drug trade supplying large quantities of cocaine, amphetamines and other addictive drugs, besides selling to their customers, they also keep their sex workers hooked on these drugs so they have more control over them. Other mafia activities include loan sharking. They use their economic resources to give loans to needy people, most likely gamblers who have been caught up in gambling debts in the illegal gambling dens owned by the mafia. From such people, the mafia will extort large amounts of money to be used in other activities. The mafia is also involved in labor racketeering, smuggling of goods and at times bank robberies. All these activities are used to grow the organizations’ economic resources putting them in a better position to expand the scope of their illegal activities. Where the mafia is involved, slavery is still an issue. The most serious issue is when it comes to the prostitution rings. The mafia will sell young girls and women into sex slavery since most are unwilling to participate knowingly. In rare cases, the mafia will sell people into forced labor.

Neurobiological Correlates of Mental Imagery to Sensory Perception :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Neurobiological Correlates of Mental Imagery to Sensory Perception Understanding the brain's function in the human body involves examining how inputs are processed and outputs are generated. On a reductionist, neuronal level it is often difficult to conceive how such processes lead to our experience of the world. While sensory perception and motor output can be directly traced along neuronal pathways, science is still struggling to understand the roots of such internal, intangible processes as thinking, memory, I function and ultimately consciousness. It seems possible that these phenomena emerge through the complex integration of lower level processes, but our knowledge is far from being able to comprehend how this might occur. Until recently, these abstract concepts have been the domain of cognitive psychology and philosophy. Relying on introspection to get at the nature of our experience, the early philosopher's excursions into these realms were necessarily highly subjective and were not concerned with biological or anatomical functionality. With the popularity of behaviorism in the early 1900's, mainstream psychologists avoided reference to such issues. The development of cognitive psychology pushed internal processes to the forefront, and examined them by utilizing behavioral indicators to theorize about the underlying concepts of thinking and consciousness (1). However, only in the last two decades have psychologists been able to take advantage of technology which reveals the activity of the brain during cognitive tasks. This new approach, dubbed cognitive neuroscience, has attempted to corroborate theories on mental processes with empirical evidence of brain activity (2) . These scientists are now beginning to understand how the brain is responsible for such processes. One of the prime candidates for neurobiological inspection is the phenomenon of mental imagery. Introspectively, this ability seems closely tied to perception, of which we have a firm biological grasp. Furthermore, mental imagery has implications regarding memory, thought, reasoning and emotion, which often seem intrinsically tied to imagery. Mental imagery is an interesting phenomenon because it blurs the line between inputs and outputs. On the one hand, imagery can be considered an input such as vision because we can observe elements of shape, size and color. On the other hand, we can actively manipulate mental imagery, which resembles a behavioral output of sorts. Either way, mental imagery is generated internally without any necessary external prime. Psychologists and philosophers have long pondered our ability to obtain, examine and manipulate a picture in our head without utilizing actual sensory input.

Do Stop and Searches Breach Our Privacy?

Since it was first introduced, the ‘stop and search' method of countering crime has sparked a fierce debate as to whether these searches are morally right. Happening almost daily, the practice continues to be very controversial, with many claiming that ‘stop and searches' breach our right to privacy. In the next couple of paragraphs, I shall attempt to answer the question â€Å"do stop and searches breach our privacy?† and learn a little more about the controversial topic. Depending on where in the UK one lives, one is likely to be stopped and searched at least once in their life by a police officer – it has become an inevitable fact. When told by an officer that they are going to be searched in public, a person is given a number of key rights and responsibilities. Both the former and the latter are obvious: the right to be told the officer's name and police station, the right to receive a ‘receipt' from the officer about the search, the right to not be strip searched in public, and the right to be searched by an officer of the same sex, as well as the responsibility to comply with the police, to not resist or abuse the officers, to take off all garments when asked to (only up to a jacket; never trousers or a shirt), and the responsibility to tell them your name and address. This fairly ordinary occurrence happens all the time, and is, for many, a regular procedure. It may seem like a harmless, if slightly annoying, chore. Unfortunately, when one looks a little deeper into the facts and statistics, there seems to be a racially-motivated reason why some social groups are more searched than others; black people are six times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people, and Asians are twice as likely. Most people are searched under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act, which gives police officers the permission to perform the act randomly with anybody they suspect of carrying drugs or concealed weapons. The stubbornly high levels are shocking as it would seem that, according to members of the police force, people from ethnic minority groups are more likely to carry illegal drugs or items. This prejudice has led to more fierce debate and is, quite simply, unfair. Many people attack ‘stop and searches' due to this fact, claiming that this racially-motivated trend is ridiculously cruel, and out-dated for modern western society. Another argument against the ‘stop and search' procedure is one that criticises the lack of evidence that proves that ethnic minorities are more likely to be involved in crime; it is simply not justifiable for officers to base their ‘reasonable suspicion' on personal beliefs. A final argument is the low reduction of crime caused by the search, with crime rates dropping by only 0.2%. On the other hand, many claim that it is a necessary way to prevent crime, and is justifiable as an officer should know who is more likely to commit offenses. Some also believe that due to the large amount of crime possibly prevented by ‘stop and searches' (in 2009 14,700 people were arrested and 7,500 knives were recovered) the whole thing has helped to make society a safer place. In conclusion, it seems clear that the ‘stop and search' method is wrong and has little impact on criminals, and despite the amount of crime prevented, the whole procedure is unnecessary, unfair, bullying, and inefficient.

Case Study of Ikea - 1445 Words

Case Study of IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge In 1995, IKEA met a problem that its main supplier, Indian rugs, used the child labor to produce products, although they had signed an attachment of the contract to ban employing child labor. In addition, a German documentary maker was about to broadcast the problem of child labor on German television and also invited an employee from IKEA to have a live discussion in the TV program. Marianne Barner, the leader of IKEA, must find a great solution to this serious issue to both save her business and the corporation’s brand image. In this issue, IKEA was not the one who produced products, so they might not realize the use of child labor in the process of production. In addition, child labor†¦show more content†¦Moreover, customers will trust IKEA’s products because the label can indicate products are produced without child labor. However, working with the third party is also of some risk. For instance, if IKEA allows Rugmark to monitor the process of production, t hey will learn about some internal information about IKEA, such as the way to manage suppliers. The foundation has members such as manufacturers and retails. If they know this kind of internal information, they might utilize it. To be worse, if this information is leaked to IKEA’s competitors, IKEA will be uncompetitive. Another disadvantage is that if the third party asks IKEA to pay for supervision, it might be costly. Another way is to stop the relationship with these suppliers which use child labor and find some other partners. In this method, it can help IKEA get rid of the blame for using child labor. When IKEA does not sell the products which are produced by child labor, the issue will not hurt IKEA any more. But it is also of high risk. Child labor is a social issue embedded in Indian culture. If IKEA would like to find some suppliers without using child labor, it is almost impossible for IKEA to find suppliers in India. As a result, IKEA must target at other countries such as China or Vietnam which might have cheap labor force. However, searching for suppliers is very time consuming. In addition, if the labor force in other countries is not as cheap as that in India, theShow MoreRelatedIkea Case Study620 Words   |  3 PagesIKEA case study 1. Firm specific advantages IKEA has a variety of firm specific advantages since its business approach appeared to be very unique for the furniture industry. First, IKEA’s most important specific advantages were its good value for the money. IKEA used this advantage for its expansion plans all over the world. IKEA when they failed in the USA had to highlight this specific advantage to bail them out of the financial difficulty they had gotten into. Second, the most innovative decisionRead MoreIkea Case Study1030 Words   |  5 PagesI. 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IKEA’s mission statement describes the purpose and distinctive advantages of the company clearly. (See appendices â…  ) It can also motivate management by saying ‘create a better everyday life for people’ because employees

Gestalt And Humanistic Modes Of Thought - 800 Words

Gestalt and humanistic modes of thought share the idea that people have free-will and are able to make their own choices in life; also, a high importance is placed on a person’s experiences and personal viewpoint (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). Phenomenology, or the introspective analysis of whole conceptual experiences, features prominently in both ideologies (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). Another shared viewpoint is that human beings are unique, and as such there is a limit to what can be learned from other humans, or from the study of animals (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). The thought that people are too complex to be studied with normal scientific methodology is another shared tenet. The main difference between these two ideologies is the basic premise of human nature. Humanistic psychology’s primary belief is that human nature is intrinsically good and that their default would be to naturally get along with other people (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). For Gestalt type psychology, the basis of human nature is mainly neutral, and people then have to exercise choice in order to become something else. Coming to understand one’s own mortality as a way to live life is part of Gestalt psychology, whereas for humanistic psychology it is not considered as important to human actuality (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). The application and connection of a humanistic understanding of learning and how it applies to leadership roles also shares some similarities with Gestalt psychology. DevelopingShow MoreRelatedStructuralism And The Development Of Psychology874 Words   |  4 Pages(Edward B. 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She hadRead MoreEssay on Ta and Gestalt3196 Words   |  13 PagesIn this essay I will give an explanation of my understanding of Transactional Analysis, more commonly known as ‘TA’, and the Gestalt theory to counselling, as discussed in module one, year three of the Chrysalis Counselling course. I will then apply these approaches, and demonstrate the methodology to a previous client case study, discussing what I could have achieved. I will offer a brief outline of the case in question to allow for clear understanding of the presenting issue, and the possible outcomesRead MoreTransactional Analysis and Gestalt Therapy Essay3497 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Gestalt and TA concept have been widely recognized for their role in psychotherapy. In this context, they provide the therapist with a framework which can be used to help their patients overcome mental problems and issues. As result, personal growth and development is likely to be attained. 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This work becameRead MoreNlp in English Language Teaching5593 Words   |  23 Pagesbrain can be trained for the purpose of betterment. It encompasses or is related to left / right brain functions, visual / auditory / kinesthetic learning styles, multiple intelligence and other areas of research which are attempting to identify modes of learning whilst recognizing the importance of the individual learner. (http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/methodology/nlp.shtml#one) Here are the key features of NLP: • NLP is about recognizing patterns. • NLP is concerned withRead MoreArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 Pagesphenomenological and the cognitive unconscious. At the ï ¬ rst level, individuals are conscious of their feelings and actions while, at the second level, sensorimotor and other bodily oriented inference mechanisms inform their processes of abstract thought and reasoning. We analyze the consumption stories of 30 museum goers in order to understand how people move through museum spaces and feel, touch, hear, smell, and taste art. Further, through an analysis of metaphors and the use of conceptual blendingRead MoreArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 Pagesphenomenological and the cognitive unconscious. At the ï ¬ rst level, individuals are conscious of their feelings and actions while, at the second level, sensorimotor and other bodily oriented inference mechanisms inform their processes of abstract thought and reasoning. We analyze the consumption stories of 30 museum goe rs in order to understand how people move through museum spaces and feel, touch, hear, smell, and taste art. Further, through an analysis of metaphors and the use of conceptual blending